TY - JOUR TI - Aquatic Eddy Covariance: The Method and Its Contributions to Defining Oxygen and Carbon Fluxes in Marine Environments AU - Berg, P. AU - Huettel, M. AU - Glud, R. N. AU - Reimers, C. E. AU - Attard, K. M. T2 - Ann Rev Mar Sci AB - Aquatic eddy covariance (AEC) is increasingly being used to study benthic oxygen (O2) flux dynamics, organic carbon cycling, and ecosystem health in marine and freshwater environments. Because it is a noninvasive technique, has a high temporal resolution ( approximately 15 min), and integrates over a large area of the seafloor (typically 10-100 m(2)), it has provided new insights on the functioning of aquatic ecosystems under naturally varying in situ conditions and has given us more accurate assessments of their metabolism. In this review, we summarize biogeochemical, ecological, and biological insightsgained from AEC studies of marine ecosystems. A general finding for all substrates is that benthic O2 exchange is far more dynamic than earlier recognized, and thus accurate mean values can only be obtained from measurements that integrate over all timescales that affect the local O2 exchange. Finally, we highlight new developments of the technique, including measurements of air-water gas exchange and long-term deployments. DA - 2022/01/03/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1146/annurev-marine-042121-012329 VL - 14 SP - 431 EP - 455 SN - 1941-0611 (Electronic) 1941-0611 (Linking) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34587456 AN - 34587456 KW - *Ecosystem KW - *Oxygen/metabolism KW - *air-water exchange KW - *aquatic eddy covariance KW - *blue carbon KW - *carbon cycling KW - *drivers of oxygen flux KW - *oxygen dynamics KW - *sediment-water exchange KW - Carbon KW - Carbon Cycle KW - Carbon Dioxide KW - Water ER -