Abbot, I., L.K. Abbott and P.R. Grant. 1977. Comparative ecology
of Gala'pagos ground finches (Geospiza Gould): Evaluation of
the importance of floristic diversity and interspecific
competition. Ecol. Mongr. 47:151-184.
|food supply and comp. important - some "forbidden" combinations
island biogeography
Abele, L.G. and K. Walters. 1979. The stability-time hypothesis:
reevaluation of the data. Am. Nat. 114:559-568.
|Reanalyze data of Saunders (1968 am nat 102). Reject many
assumptions - still get deep sea > estuaries. Species-area
relationship may explain. Questions usefulness of st-time hypo.
Abele, L.G. and W.K. Patton (1976). Size of Coral Heads and the
Community Biology of Associated Decapod Crustaceans. J.
Biogeo. 3:35-47.
| Show a species area relationship in a system where
heterogeneity does not change with size. Make an nature
reserve argument for 2 small vs. 1 large if there are few
good dispersers in the system and presence of strong
competitive reaction.
Abrams, P. 1975. Limiting similarity and the form of the
competition coefficient. Theor. Popul. Biol. 83:356-375
| review of limiting similaritiy theorys - mucho theoretical
Abrams, P.A. 1977. Density-independent mortality and
interspecific competition: a test of Pianka's niche overlap
hypothesis. Am. Nat. 111:539-552.
|*
Abrams, P.A. 1984. Foraging time optimization and interactions
in food webs. Am. Nat. 124:80:96.
Abramsky, Z. 1981. Habitat relationships and competition in two
Mediterranean Apodemus spp. Oikos 36:219-225.
|Regression analysis of comp. finds comp. negligible despite
strong negative correlations of density. Intensity may depend on
density.
Abramsky, Z. and C. Sellah. 1982. Competition and role of
habitat selection in Gerbillus allenbyi and Meriones
tristrami : A removal experiment. Ecology 63:1242-1247.
Abramsky, Z. and C.R. Tracy. 1979. Population biology of a
"noncycling' population of prairie voles and a hypothesis on
the role of migration in regulating microtine cycles.
Ecology 60:349-361.
|Nitro. and water enriched plots - Microtus Ochrogaster- annual
but not multiannual cycles. Immigration important in causing
cycles. Emmigration maybe important in regulating pop. Isolated
*
Abramsky, Z. and C.R. Tracy. 1980. Relation between home range
size and regulation of population size in Microtus
ochrogaster. Oikos 34:347-355.
| home range length pos. corr. with rate of incr. and neg corr.
pop. density. Plants not corr. with growth.
Abramsky, Z., M.I. Dyer and P.D. Harrison. 1979. Competition
among small mammals in experimentally perturbed areas of
sortgrass prairie. Ecology 60: 530-536.
|* Enrichement , competition, Niche overlap. Microtus
ochrogaster, Reithrodontomys m. , Peromyscus maniculatus,
Spermophalus tri., Onych. leu.
Addicott, J.F. 1986. On the population consequences of mutualism.
In Community Ecology, ed. J. Diamond and T.J. Case. Harper
and Row, New York. pp. 425-436.
Adler, G. Notes from statistics course at Boston U. Logistic
regression.
Adler, G.H. 1984. Demography and reproduction in island and
mainland white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Can. J.
Zool. 62:58-64.
Adler, G.H. 1985. Habitat selection and species interactions: an
experimental analysis with small mammal populations. Oikos
45:380-390.
|removals, PC and discriminant analyses. Uses classification
analysis as measure of "discrimination". PL discriminates more at
low density than high. MP + corr on 1 island - corr on other.
intraspecific competition deemed greater that interspecific.
Microtus, Peromyscus, Blarina, Zapus, Sorex. On Island.
Adler, G.H. and M.L. Wilson. 1985. Small mammals on Massachusetts
islands: the use of probability functions in clarifying
biogeographic relationships. Oecologia 66: 178-186.
Adler, G.H. and M.L. Wilson. 1985. Small mammals on Massachusetts
islands: the use of probability functions in clarifying
biogeographic relationships. Oecologia 66:178-186.
|many VERY small islands (15 <1 ha). PCA and logistic regression.
insular correlates with rodent occupation
Adler, G.H. and M.L. Wilson. 1987. Demography of a habitat
generalist, the white-footed mouse, in a heterogeneous
environment. Ecology 68:1785-1796.
Adler, G.H. and R.H. Tamarin. 1984. Demography and reproduction
in island and mainland white-footed mice (Peromyscus
leucopus) in southern Massachusetts. Can. J. Zool. 62:58-64.
|* comparison of 2 grids ea. and traplines (mostly pooled).
mainland populations larger, survived longer,had longer, more
intense breeding seasons, had fewer transient animals and started
breeding at a higher weight. Body and litter sizes were similar. CAREFUL-Lots of psuedoreplication and potential for biases.
Adler, G.H. and R.H. Tamarin. 1985. Dispersal of white-footed
mice, Peromyscus leucopus, in low-density island and
mainland populations. Can. Field Nat. 99:331-336.
|Vacuum grid, 1 control & 1 removal grid on island and mainland.
Number disp. pos. correlated with N residents, but N res
uncorrelated to rate of disp. Island disp. males sexually mature
at lower mass, females at higher mass. Island young females
dispersed more than expected, Mainland young males disp. more
than expected. Theory: "K" selected (i.e. mainland) populations
males limit density. "r" selected (i.e. island) males little
effect.
Adler, G.H., et al. 1984. Demography of the meadow jumping mouse
(Zapus hudsonius) in eastern Massachusetts. Amer. Midl. Nat.
112:387-391.
Adler, G.H., M.L. Wilson, and M.J. Derosa. 1986. Influence of
island area and isolation on population characteristics of
Peromyscus leucopus. J. Mamm. 67:406-409.
| 24 marsh islands, all but 8 < .9 ha. PL on 21 all 21 had trees.
PL Density positively corr. with Distance to mainland, distance
to nearest land, and number of sides surrounded by water.
Agren, G. 1984. Incest Avoidance and bonding between siblings in
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| (Aogren) Inhibition review (from Anderson mss.)
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by wild passerines. Nature 220:501-502.
| used different color baits and (after some familiarization) got
Apostatic (rare forms overlooked) selection of bait color. Also
got considerable heterogeneity of response. frequency dependent
Alatalo, R.V. 1981. Problems in the measurement of evenness in
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Alcoze, T.M. and E.G. Zimmerman. 1973. Food habits and dietary
overlap of two hereromyid rodent from the mesquite plains of
Texas. J. Mamm. 54:900-908.
|desert *
Alford, R.A. and H.M. Wilbur. 1985. Priority effects in
experimental pond communities: competition between Bufo and
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Allen, A.W. 1982. Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray
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Wildlife Serv. Biol. Sciences Program, Washington D.C. pp.
11.
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Alster, J.M. 1984. Repeated measures analysis using SPSS-X
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|*
Ambrose, H.W. III. 1972. Effect of habitat familiarity and toe-
clipping on rate of owl predation in Microtus pennsylvanicus
J. Mamm. 53:909-912.
|* lab study in barn. owl ate new voles at a significantly higher
rate.
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Anderson, P.K. 1970. Ecological structure and gene flow in small
mammals. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 26:283-295.
| Mus on Gull Island - center of island dispersal sink
Anderson, P.K. 1978. The serendipitous mouse. Nat. Hist. 38-43.
|mus *
Anderson, P.K. 1980. Evolutionary implications of microtine
behavioral systems on the ecological stage. The Biologist
62:70-88.
|* Dispersal. Disp. favors resident rather than disperser, but
possibilty of Jackpot reproduction exists for males. Dispersal
forced by residents. behavioral, demographic and genetic
predictions made from theory. Differentiates between emigration,
immigration and dispersal (dispersal = successful emigration and
immigration) (Doesn't that make disp.=immigr?) Rejects concept of
pre-saturation dispersal.
Anderson, P.K. in press. Dispersal in rodents: a resident fitness
hypothesis.
Anderson, P.K. mss. Dispersal in rodent populations: Alternative
evolutionary mechanisms and their implications.
|* Resident and Emigrant fitness hypotheses. Rejects hyp. that
emigrants increase fitness by moving. Proposes that residents
force emigration by offspring. Under theory res. males should
force out sons (potential competitors for matings, and potential
for "jackpot" elsewhere). Females should only force out
offspring when food (space) resources limited and then sons
followed by daughters.
Anderson, P.K., G.E. Heinsohn, P.H. Whitney and J.-P. Huang.
1977. Mus musculus and Peromyscus maniculatus: homing
ability in relation to habitat utilization. Can. J. Zool.
55:169-172.
|gull island, home range *
Andrewartha, H.G. and L.C. Birch. 1984. The ecological web. More
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Andre^H'n, H. and P. Anglestam. 1988. Elevated predation rates as
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Ecology 69:544-547.
Andrzejewski, R. and H. Wroclawek. 1961. Mortality of small
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Andrzejewski, R. and H. Wroclawek. 1961. Settling by small
rodents a terrain in which catching out had been performed.
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| removals. much raw data. Clethrionomys and 2 Apodemus species *
Andrzejewski, R. and T. Wierbowsa. 1960. On the degree of
residency and migrancy in populations of small rodents.
Bull. de L'Acadamie Polonaise des Sciences. 8: 293-296.
|dispersal, fit exponentials. *
Andrzejewski, R. and T. Wierbowsa. 1961. An attempt at assessing
the duration of residence of small rodents in a defined
forest area and the rate of interchange between individuals.
Acta Therio.
|Dispersal, Clethriomomys glareolus, Apodemus *
Andrzejewski, R., K. Petrusewicz and W. Walkowa. 1963. Adsorbtion
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| immigration, colonization
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| 2 habitats studied- woods and prairies - seasonal and spatial
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Antonovics, J. and A.O. Bradshaw. 1970. Evolution in closely
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|see note card- gene exchange, adaptation over short distances
Armitage, K. and D.W. Johns. 1982. Kinship, reproductive
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Armstrong, D.M. 1977. Ecological distribution of small mammals in
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| Cluster analysis of habitat variables 3 habs. Microtus Sorex,
Peromyscus, Phena, Eutamias, Zapus princeps
Armstrong, R.A. 1976. Fugative species: Experiments with fungi
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|Coexistance where all patch types (bare to old) present at same
time. No coexistence in "annual" system where all patches at same
developmental level. estimates "Coexistance bandwidth"
Armstrong, R.A. and R. McGhee. 1976. Coexistance of species
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|Math model. if don't assume dN/dt linear function of resource
densities can get more than n species on n resources.
Arnason, A.N. and Baniuk. 1978. POPAN-2, a data maintenance and
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Asmussen, M.A. 1983. Evolution of dispersal in density regulated
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| model seems very unrealistic
Aston, J.L. and A.D. Bradshaw. 1966. Evolution in closely
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|looked at 2 transects 1 steep and 1 less steep. stolon length cline slope related to severity of change. gene flow leads to
variation in seedlings > than in adults. Different pops had
different environmental tolerances.
Atchley, W.R., C.T. Gaskins and E. Anderson. 1976. Statistical
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|* ANOVA Regression
Augspurger, C.K. 1984. Seedling survival of tropical tree
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August, P.V. 1983. The role of habitat complexity and
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|rain forest
August, P.V., S.G. Ayvazian and J.G.T. Anderson. 1989. Magnetic
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| movement, navigation, dispersal
Austin, M.P. 1977. Use of ordination and other multivariate
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Avise, J.C., C. Giblin-Davidson, J. Laerm, J.C. Patton, and R.A.
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|Review starting pre-Darwin. Drosophila electrophoresis. If
neutral correct 1) pops should differ more than shown 2) distrib.
of differences at a locus should be normal between species
(Aren't- get U-shape) 3) he got delta-q in a directional sense in
lab pops of flys in different directions for the same allele
Bailey, E.D. 1969. Immigration and emigration as contributory
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|in Lid. + Cald. 82. Lab mice. every day for 10 days 1 animal
exchanged with one from another cage. Stress as measured by organ
weights was higher in populations exposed to movements.
Testicular development inhibited.
Baird, D.D. and E.C. Birney. 1982. Characteristics of dispersing meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus. Am. Midl. Nat.
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|* genetic (Tf and LAP loci), vacuum grids, analysis of
movements. dispersers consistently younger. In nonbreeding season
dispersers were a random subset.
Baird, D.D. and E.C. Birney. 1982. Pattern of colonization in
Microtus pennsylvanicus. J. Mamm. 63:290-293.
Baker, J.A. and R.J. Brooks. 1982. Impact of raptor predation on
a declining vole population. J. Mamm. 63:297-300.
|est. raptor and vole pops. raptors could account for about 19%
of animals dying during winter.
Baker, R.H. 1968. Habitats and distribution. In Biology of
Peromyscus (Rodentia). J.A. King ed. Sp. Publ. 2. Amer. Soc.
Mammalogists 98-126.
| pero. - nocturnal, omniverous (seeds, fruits grains and
insects) usually in woodlands, brushlands. 25 of 27 species have
types. coat colors genetic adaptation to area. some species very
sympatric.
Baker, R.H. 1971. Nutritional strategies of myomorph rodents in
North American grasslands. J. Mamm. 52:800-805.
|* grass eaters (ie Microtus) few species - high abundance- broad
niche -- seed eaters (Mus, Zapus, Peromyscus) low # individuals
many species (narrow niche). Grass eaters selective feeders --
seed eaters generalists- seasonal opportunists
Baker, R.R. 1978. The evolutionary ecology of animal migration.
Hodder Stoughton, London, 1,012 pp.
|dispersal. Philopatric dispersal less than 10 home range
diameters.
Baker, R.R. 1982. Migration: paths through time and space. Holmes
and Meier Publ. Inc. New York. pp. 248.
| text book. review of dispersal meanings.
Baker, W.L. 1989. Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in
the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Ecology 70:23-35.
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|competition ? predation? M avoid B.
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Barrett, G.W. 1988. Effects of Sevin on small-mammal populations
in agricultural and old-field ecosystems. J. Mamm. 69:731-
735.
|Microtus pennsyl. Mus musculus. MM increased on sprayed (Sevin
is an insecticide) while Mp decreased in agricultural plots. No
effects in old-field plots. 8 enclosed grids.
Barry, R.E. Jr. 1984. Effects of early experience on cue
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241.
| Wild mice vs lab mice. different reactions to lighting levels,
horozontal cues and leaf litter (vs grass)
Bateson, P. 1983. Optimal outbreeding. In P. Bateson (ed.) Mate
Choice. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. pp. 257-277.
|inbreeding and outbreeding. Relative costs
Batzli, G.O. 1968. Dispersion patterns of mice in California
annual grassland. J. Mamm. 49:239-250.
|food avail. rather than refuges determine dispersion.Microtus
californicus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Reithrodontomys megalotis
-- tracking corr. with Avena abundance. Competition may be
important. Micro incr. as others decr.
Batzli, G.O. 1977. Population dynamics of the white-footed mouse
in floodplain and upland forests. Amer. Midl. Nat. 97:18-32.
|warns against use of small (1-2 ha) grids. uses 4 and 6 ha
grids. uses between day and session movements. No sign. diffs in
movement between pops. Flooded area more productive. Breeding and
recruitment responds to food supply - survival of young deemed
critical factor. *
Batzli, G.O. 1983. Responses of arctic rodent populations to
nutritional factors. Oikos 40:396-406.
:food
Batzli, G.O. 1985. The role of nutrition in population cycles of
microtine rodents. Acta Zool. Fennica 173:13-17.
|* loop analysis. strong negative feedback between lemmings
2ndary plant compounds and nutrients-->cycles. Need to not only
manipulate food quanitity, but also 2ndary compounds and nutrient
concentrations.
Batzli, G.O. 1986. Nutritional ecology of the California vole:
effects of food quality on reproduction. Ecology 67:406-412.
|food. lab feeding. grass shoots and seeds not as good as lab
chow except when supplemented by calcium and sodium.
Batzli, G.O. and F.A. Pitelka. 1970. The influence of meadow
mouse populations on California grassland. Ecology 51:1027-
1039.
| habitat degradation
Batzli, G.O. and F.A. Pitelka. 1983. Nutritional ecology of
microtine rodents: food habits of lemmings near Barrow,
Alaska. J. Mamm. 64:648-655.
| mostly just stomach and feces content analyses.
Batzli, G.O. and H.G. Jung. 1980. Nutritional ecology of
microtine rodents: resource utilization near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Res. 12:483-499.
| Strong food preferences. Lemmus siberiicus, Dicrostonyx
torquatus? and microtus oenconomus. Food. Stomach content
analyses. *
Batzli, G.O., L.L. Getz and S.S. Hurley 1977. Suppression of
growth and reproduction of microtine rodents by social
factors. J. Mamm. 58:583-591.
| litters kept in same cage, Microtus.calif. - mixed sex + all
male litters suppresed growth -- M.ochr. - mixed sex, isolated,
same - air = suppression -- M.penn. - small experiment (6
litters) only 1 suppressed Suggest M.p. may not suppress because
it inhabits small patches *
Beacham, T.D. 1979. Dispersal tendency and duration of life of
littermates during population fluctuations of the vole
Microtus townsendii. Oecologia (Berl.) 42:11-21.
| enclosure about .4 ha Littermates determined by joint caps.
Within litters similar lifespan whether they dispersed or not.
Families disp. as unit. ANOVA
Beacham, T.D. 1979. Selectivity of avian predation in declining
populations of the vole Microtus townsendii. Can. J. Zool.
57:1767-1772.
Beacham, T.D. 1979. Size and growth characteristics of dispersing
voles, Microtus townsendii. Oecologia (Berl.) 42:1-10.
|* enclosure about .4 ha 25% mowed. - Used wt. criterion for
age/dispersal. Dispersers < 50 g grow faster than residents.
Suggests large voles may drive out smaller voles in contrast to
Fairbairn (1978)
Beacham, T.D. 1980. Deomography of declining populations of the
vole, Microtus townsendii. J. Anim. Ecol. 49:453-464.
| 8 spring declines monitored. large voles survive better in
moderate declines. wounding highest at such times. Large males
disappear more than females. survival decr. at start of breeding
season. *
Beacham, T.D. 1980. Growth rates of the vole Microtus townsendii
during a population cycle. Oikos 35:99-106.
Beacham, T.D. 1981. Some demographic aspects of dispersers in
fluctuating populations of the vole Microtus townsendii.
Oikos 36:273-280.
| 0.3 ha enclosures - mowed grass inside to create disperal area
*
Beacham, T.D. and C.J. Krebs. 1980. Growth rates of aggressive
and docile voles Microtus townsendii. Amer. Midl. Nat.
104:387-389.
| Arena trials - docile voles < 50g grew faster
Bediz, G.M. and J.M. Whitsett. 1979. Social inhibition of sexual maturation in male prairie deer mice. J. Comp. Physiol.
Psychol. 93:493-500.
|suppression Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii.
Beer, J.R., P. Lukens and D. Olson. 1954. Small mammal
populations on the islands of Basswood Lake, Minnesota.
Ecology 35:437-445.
| 3 yr. study - trapped jun-july 50-52 32 islands surveyed
species on islands changed . # of species per island increased.
corr. wth mainland densities. species lists
Bekoff, M. 1977. Mammalian dispersal and the ontogeny of
individual behavioral phenotypes. Am. Nat. 111:715-732.
|* behav. interacts at time of disp. not sufficient to explain.
need to look at social history. Individuals who interact least
with other group members (which tend to be the most dominant and
the least dominant in Coyotes) in developing are most likely to
disperse early. Emphasis on Canids, but small mammals also
considered in good review.
Bekoff, M. 1981. Mammalian sibling interactions: genes,
facilitative environments, and the coefficient of
familiarity. In D.J. Gubernick and P.H. Klopfer (eds.).
Parental Care in Mammals. Plenum Press, New York. p. 307-
346.
Belk, M.C., H.D. Smith and J. Lawson. 1988. Use and partitioning
of montane habitat by small mammals. J. Mamm. 69:688-695.
|PCA Sexual differences in hab. use. Temporal shifts in use
between seasons. Peromyscus maniculatus, Zapus princeps,
Clethrionomys gapperi, Microtus montanus
Bendell, J.F. 1959. Food as a control of a population of white-
footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer).
Can. J. Zool. 37:173-209.
| Island enricment of food. Density increased. As density incr.
home range decreased
Bender, E.A., T.J. Case and M.E. Gilpin. 1984. Perturbation
experiments in community ecology: theory and practice.
Ecology 65:1-13.
| "pulse" exper. -> direct effects only. "Press" exper.(long term
removal) -> direct & indirect effects. Critical of regression
approach for measuring competition.
Bengtsson, B.O. 1978. Avoiding inbreeding: at what cost? J.
Theoret. Biol. 73:439-444.
|* models of costs of inbreeding vs migration (dispersal).
Benhamou, S. and M. Jamon. 1988. Analyzing spatial relationships
from trapping data. J. Mamm. 69:828-831.
|eliptical home range overlap as index of "spatial dominance"
(competition?)
Benson, J.F. 1973. Some problems of testing for density-
dependence in animal populations. Oecologia (Berl.) 13:183-
190.
|* defense of key factor/ log survival vs log N /regression type
analyses.
Bergstrom, B.J. 1986. An analysis of multiple captures in
^SPeromyscus^S with a critique on methodology. Canad. J.
Zool. 64:1407-1411.
| Joint captures
Bergstrom, B.J. and J.R. Sauer. 1986. Social traveling inferred
from multiple captures: testing assumptions. Am. Midl. Nat.
115:201-203.
| variations in trap tripping sensitivity causes problems.
Sherman traps. Movement
Bernstein, R.A. 1979. Evolution of niche breadth in populations
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|within phenotype niche breadth. size and variablility of size
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|*
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| Microtus californicus effects on Reithrodontomys and mus. =
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| scent
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|*
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| enclosures
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| high density pop. Both live (longworth) and pitfall
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|avoidance
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*
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|*
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|* scent
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| Eutamias
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|average population body masses for Sigmodon, Reithrodontomys and
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|*
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| Kaibab deer - bad data taken at face value
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|population ecology text
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|Small<- self regulated
Large <- extrinsic regulation Test?- fencing experiment
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|scientific method
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| vole cycles - hypothesis
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|* Intraspecific competition causes inhibition of maturation or
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|more wounding at high density
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|scent
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| Argue against geologic time theory in favor of species
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| Zapus princeps, Habitat food and repro activity
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|*
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|*
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|* Peromyscus maniculatus gamelii, Dipodomys, Perognathus.
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|Behavior *
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|Estradiol, progesterone, induced ovulators *
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|* inbreeding avoidance, competition for mates and comp. for
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| Sex ratios of animals moving on to removal grid different from
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| Lit. survey and observations on California ground squirrels. 46
of 57 polygynous/promiscuous mating species showed predominant
juvenile male dispersal. in 11 of 12 monogamous species similar #
dispersed across sexes
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|* reproduction, inhibition, suppression
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| P. manic. gracilis, P. leucopus noveboracensis. 20 traps each
with different species/sex scents from lab animals. Homospecific
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|suppression, odor, reproduction
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|P leucopus noveboracensis and P maniculatus gracilis. Pl more
1900-0100. Pm more 0100-0700
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|inbreeding?
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| Mainly concerned with weather. P. leucopus and P. maniculatus
different with respect to timing of activity (due to weather)
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|*
Dueser, R.D. and H.H. Shugart, Jr. 1978. Microhabitats in a
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|*
Dueser, R.D. and H.H. Shugart, Jr. 1979. Niche pattern in a
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|*
Dueser, R.D. and J.G. Hallett. 1980. Competition and habitat
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|* regression
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|* number dispersing linearly related to density, proportion
(rate) correlated with rate of increase. seasonal differences in
characteristics of dispersers. small males - spring +summer.
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|Microtus pinetorum and M. pennsylvanicus
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|*
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| territories *
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| food?
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|* Unusual methodology 6 1-2m radius "sites" 3 control 3 w/food
supply Other species complicated early trapping by saturating
traps. about 2x as many captures at food sites- females more,
males no difference. animals at food sites (especially males)
heavier. Juveniles caught 10 weeks earlier at food sites and grew
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Population density, reproduction and adult survival increased
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| little competition/clipping interaction effect. Suggest need
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|Microtus, Blarina, predation
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emigration. 2) sites uneven due to dispersal and variability
leads to pop size less than max. 3) variation of carrying
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|Homerange size of adult and sub-adult males + related to
dispersal rate
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|* stepwise multiple regression, principal components of
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| Microtus ochrogaster. 3 fenced enclosures with exit doors (had
difficulty establishing populations), 2 removal (vacuum) grids
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untagged immigrants), and 2 burned grids. Qualitative
differences- more subadults than expected dispersed and adult
females that dispersed were less repro. Results expected based on
increasing individual fitness, they contend. No fence effect
observed. Immigration (introductions) important for maintaining
populations.
Gaines, M.S., C.L. Baker and A.M. Vivas. 1979. Demographic
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Galindo, C. and C.J. Krebs. 1986. Evidence for competition in
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|(*Schoener reply attached.) review of studies cited by Schoener
1983. Most flawed by 1)enclosures too small, 2) enclosures
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4) No replication. "Only 4 of 18 were done in natural conditions
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Galindo, C. and C.J.Krebs. 1986. Evidence for competition in
small rodents. Oikos 46:116-119.
| review. complain many studies cited by Schoener had too small
enclosures and lacked replication. 18 studies classified by
natural conditions, contemporary controls and replication.
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rigorous experimental designs.
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|food
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| *
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| density
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| statistics, power of regression
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|model on pattern of home ranges during colonization after
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|Microtus pennsylvanicus
Getz, L.L. 1961. Notes on the local distribution of Peromyscus
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| Food important: year round suply in Oak-Hickory (also max pero
density) Pl didn't compete with voles in swamp. Pero only res in
woody veg. w/in forest area pero prefers areas w/ more fallen
trees, dead stumps, debris, shrubs. But # of logs and debris etc.
doesn't influence selection of habitat type. higher densities in
dryier areas
Getz, L.L. 1962. A local concentration of the least shrew. J.
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| spotty distr. not normally abund. mass movements probable and
may incr. abund.
Getz, L.L. 1968. Influence of water balance and microclimate on
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| shrew, annual, but not multiannual cycles
Getz, L.L. and C.S. Carter. 1980. Social organization in Microtus
ochrogaster populations. The Biologist 62:56-69.
|females in 9m2 room- only founder female bred. in hardware cloth
runways, only founders bred until mid-November when ALL became
preg.
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| Lab study -- males initiated contact, females most aggressive
*
Gibbons, J.W. and J.W. Coker. 1978. Herpetofaunal colonization
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Gilbert, B.S. and C.J. Krebs. 1981. Effects of extra food on
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|statistics, robustness
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conspecific male odours is influenced by degree of kinship.
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|* lab scent study. smell used by females to reject very similar
(reduce inbreeding) and very different (reduce outbreeding)
males. females prefered non-brother in same strain. also some
analysis of males.
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|interference (aggression?) should be highest in declining pops
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| food predation. limited to 1 meal every 2.5-3 hrs. up to 10
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|* 2x550 m2 enclosures - food and nest boxes provided. went to
stable density 25-30x normal field levels approx 2,700/ha
Control- 20 fem. 24 intact males-peak dens 2582/ha
Exper- 20 fem 5 intact 18 cast. males-peak dens 3127/ha (higher
possibly due to increased neo-natal survival)
Result- ALL (C+E) became reproductive. no suppression
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|Scopalomine implants
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| field and lab experiment. 4x4 m enclosure - artifical habitat.
Aggressive interference mediated by the reproductive
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| female-female aggression increased through pregnancy and
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| immigration
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| peromyscus leucopus densities decrease with distance to large
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| 39 litters followed from nest boxes. Mean age at dispersal 5.6
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60.
| Peromyscus leucopus, Ohio. 39 litters followed in 2ha isolated
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Survival much higher in spring (40%) than fall (12%). Young
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Suggest inbreeding large possibility.
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|* Microtus and Clethrionomys don't occur on same islands.
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|voles select grassland but may go into woodlands when population
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|* Microtus pennsylvanicus. dispersal occurred at consumption of
only 10% of available, but food could be limiting in winter.
Selection for dispersal under conditions indicating future food
shortages. also in Lid. + Cald. 82
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Structure and productivity of grassland small mammal
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|food quality
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| found kin-recog. could reduce inbreeding
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|*
Green, R.H. 1974. Multivariate niche analysis with temporally
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|*
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|* mating system critical element for birds and mammals, sex bias
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disp. Mammals more male disp.
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|* resource defence and mate-defense mating systems, birds
typically female biased dispersal, mammals male biased.
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| birds. sex, inbreeding theory. 56-62% heritablity of dispersal
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| enclosures, dispersers cross 3-m strip behav. dominant males
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| odor, trap scent, arena
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| Polymodal size-abundance relations in birds insects and
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|3.125 m-2 enclosures. Mp males did not help with nest
construction or rearing, avoidance or aggression were the rule.
Mo males helped build and shared nest, lengthy interactions.
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|Looks at colonization of defaunated and/or transplanted
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ultimate conclusion that he draws seems shallow in
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shore zone will have different rates of immigration and
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|* effects of flood on vegetation, habitat
Gurevitch, J. and S.T. Chester Jr. 1986. Analysis of repeated
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|algorithim for analysis of trend and contrasts. Looks like the
univariate analysis of separate compound variables that represent
the univariate contrasts that compose the multivariate result.
Gustafsson, T.O., C.B. Anderson and N.E.I. Nyholm. 1983.
Comparison of sensitivity to social suppression of sexual
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|complicated by differences in individual size between pops.
males from stable pops =>all mature (dens=1,2,4)
unstable pops - some not mature
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| Small difference in father daughter matings. (lower weights and
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| Lab. - daughters exposed to mother and father did not breed
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|regression estimates of competition
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|* regression estimates of comp.
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|* Microtus pennsylvanicus, Zapus hudsonius, spermophilus
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|* scent, lab experiment. "under certain conditions, social and
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| Lab (arena) competition study. less aggression on island than
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| 5yr burned clearcuts Numbers of Peromyscus maniculatus
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# -->P.m. increase.
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|kin selection?
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|* Model. even in stable, completely occupied habitats, some
level of dispersal > 0 is an evolutionarily stable strategy, even
with high levels of mortality associated with disp. It also means
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|Stomach contents. Peromyscus - same food Nov-April Much insects.
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|Chincoteague island. notes # of rats in marsh exceeded by # of
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Hansson, L. 1983. Competition between rodents in sucessional
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| Enclosure (25x25m) and lab trials. M.a. numerically dominant
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|* P.l. noveboracensis dispersal, 1 each livetrapping and snap-
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weaning. disappearance of juvenile males 77% vs 44% for females.
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Harner, E.J. and R.C. Whitmore. 1977. Multivariate measures on
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|*
Harney, B.A. 1983. Interspecific competition, arboreal habitat
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| examples of where adding or removing preds. changed divers.
Generalists-freq. dep. selection, palatibility selection.
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Harper, J.L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press,
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|Peromyscus maniculatus, Microdipodops, P.M. more closed habitat.
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|Oryzomys and Microtus both occaisionally use Muskrat houses as
refuges *
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|editorial
Hasler, J.F. 1975. A review of reproduction and sexual maturation
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|Microtus
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|inhibition / suppression ?
Hastings, A. 1987. Can competition be detected from species co-
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| based on analysis of equilibrium model, given strong
competition and reasonble sample sizes, competition cannot be
detected.
Hays, W.L. 1973. Statistics for the social sciences. 2nd ed.
Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, New York.
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|* Peromyscus maniculatus -tests hypoth that aggression peaks in
breeding season and that juveniles are forced to disperse.
Supports Sadlier '65. Aggressive males suppress juvenile growth.
residents exclude transients. aggress decr. in fall (rel small
data set)
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|interesting perspective of mid 1920s. Reprinted 1969 by Kraus
reprint co. New York. "If I am right in thinking that immigration
from one territory to another very rarely, if ever, happens, the
resuscitation of a depleted colony lies with these few members of
the old stock which remain behind, for niether the emigrants nor
their offspring ever return." -- applied to Lemmings. p 79.
dispersal
Heisey, D.M. 1985. Analyzing selection experiments with log-
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| statistics, Manly's measure of selectivity
Henderson, M.T., H.G. Merriam and J.F. Wegner. 1985. Patchy
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|problems with current models based on inclusive fitness and ESS.
Theoretical, but argues no adequate theory currently exists.
Henttonen, H., A. Kaikusalo, J.Tast and J. Viitala. 1977.
Interspecific competition between small rodents in subarctic
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Hepper, P.G. 1986. Kin recognition - functions and mechanisms a
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Hertzog, C. and M. Rovine. 1985. Repeated-measures analysis of
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Heske, E.J. 1987. Responses of a population of California voles,
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72.
| no preference for subadult and non-breeding season. Scented
traps prefered by adults in non-breeding season. Sex of odor
unimportant for large males and females, but small males went for
female odor only.
Heske, E.J., R.S. Ostfeld and W.Z. Lidicker, Jr. 1984.
Competitive interactions between Microtus californicus and
Reithrodontomys megalotis during two peaks of Microtus
abundance. J. Mamm. 65:271-280.
|density dependent competition
Hestbeck, J.B. 1982. Population regulation of cyclic mammals: the
social fence hypothesis. Oikos 39:157-163.
|* dispersal regulated by resistance of surrounding population to
immigration. At low neighboring densities, emigration regulates
pop. At high neig. dens., resource limitation.
Hestbeck, J.B. 1985. To disperse or not to disperse, that is the
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|* social fence hypothesis. outline test and model results
Hilborn, R. 1975. Similarities in dispersal tendency among
siblings in four species of voles (Microtus). Ecology 56:
1221-1225.
|in Lid. + Cald. 82. Classification into litters based on
proximity and weight similarities. Assume all disappearances due
to dispersal thus use lifespan as measure of dispersal except
during peak pops. Found differences between litters only in
unfenced increasing populations.
Hilborn, R. and C.J. Krebs. 1976. Fates of disappearing
individuals in fluctuating populations of Microtus
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|* Radioactive ear tags of 219 only 30 recovered on study area.
Suggest long distance dispersal important during 1 period. Age
(weight) criteria used for dispersers
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| inbreeding in Pero maniculatus - sibling pairs delayed
reproduction.?
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|P. maniculatus bardii and p. leucopus noveboracensis. Lab
enclosures 1.8x3.7m - food, water consumption, nest sites,
activity. Doubled available space - with or wo conspecific. Pl
more active in daytime. both species chnged space use depending
on presence of conspecific. Social interactions observed 5.5% of
time. competition aggression
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|Peromyscus ratios in 3 succes stages= young 2: medium 4: old 3.
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| indoor and outdoor enclosure and encounter experiments.
alone together
A.f both habs more in trees - less aggressive
A.s. mainly grass more grass - more aggressive
A.f. dominates "passively" A.s. avoids more even though it is
more aggr.
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|neutral arena social behavior
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|suppression. Lab. Pregnancy failures in 73% with mate removed,
less with mate remaining.
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sympatric species of Peromyscus in northwestern New Mexico.
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|Several diversity indices (get means for areas). Vege. structure
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predation risk and food reward on patch selection. Ecology
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Holekamp, K.E. 1984. Natal dispersal in Belding's ground
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Holmes, R.T., R.E. Bonney and S.W. Pascala. 1979. Guild structure
of the Hubbard Brook bird community: a multivariate
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|* statistics PCA
Holmes, W.G. 1984. Sibling recognition in 13-lined ground-
squirrels: Effects of genetic relatedness, rearing
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|odor, inhibition? (cited in anderson mss).
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229.
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|taxonomy
Hopf, F.A. and J.H. Brown. 1986. The bull's-eye method for
testing randomness in ecological communities. Ecology
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|body-size ratios, species abundance distributions, significantly
non-random in desert rodents but not birds.
Horn, H.S. 1983. Some theories about dispersal. In: The Ecology
of Animal Movement. eds. I.R. Swingland and P.J. Greenwood.
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|* review of model results. Parent offspring conflict. Dispersal
disrupts r-K continuum. Models of May etc. require that parents
drive out young. Effects of predators. Inbreeding.
Horn, H.S. and R.H. MacArthur. 1972. Competition among fugitive
species in a harlequin environment. Ecology 53: 749-752.
|* new fugitive species must have a higher migration rate and
higher equilibrium abundance
Hornberger, G.M. and R.C. Spear. 1981. An approach to the
preliminary analysis of environmental systems. J. Environ.
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voles and small game in relation to variations in plant
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|1970-1980. suggest vole-plant interactions trigger vole cycle
that drives predator cycles that sychronize other prey
populations. Food.
Howard, P.C. 1986. Spatial-organization of common reedbuck with
special reference to the role of juvenile dispersal in
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Howard, W.E. 1949. Dispersal, amount of inbreeding, and longevity
in a local population of prairie deer mice on the George
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Mich. 43:1-52. |* Peromyscus maniculatus bardii, grassland habitat. Used
scattered, buried, nest boxes. dispersal only immediately prior
to onset of sexual maturity. only one mature animal moved. within
season mate fidelity. competition with bumble bees for nest
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Howard, W.E. 1960. Innate and environmental dispersal of
individual vertibrates. Am. Midl. Nat. 63:152-161.
| Innate = genetically based, in absense of pressure.
Environmental = response to crowded condititions * also in Lid.
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In Community Ecology, ed. J. Diamond and T.J. Case. Harper
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Huck, U.W. and E.M. Banks. 1979. Behavioral components of
individual recognition in the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx
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Huggins, J.A. and V.R. McDaniel. 1984. Intraspecific variation
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| competition, disturbance, history
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populations. Oecologia 62:85-90.
Hurlbert, S.H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of field
experiments. Ecol. Mongr. 54:187-211.
|* statistics, ANOVA
Hurlbert, S.H. 1984. The measurement of niche overlap and some
relatives.
|*
Inouye, R.S., G.S. Byers and J.H. Brown. 1980. Effects of
predation and competition on survivorship, fecundity, and
community structure of desert annuals. Ecology 61:1344-1351.
Ito^, Y. 1972. On the methods for determining density-dependence by means of regression. Oecologia (Berl.) 10:347-372.
|* violations of assumptions and effects discussed
Iverson, S.L. and B.N. Turner. 1972. Winter coexistence of
Clethrionomys gapperi and Microtus pennsylvanicus in a
grassland habitat. Amer. Midl. Nat. 88:440-445.
Iverson, S.L., R.W. Seabloom and J.M. Hnatiuk. 1967. Small-mammal
distributions across the prairie-forest transition of
Minnesota and North Dakota. Amer. Midl. Nat. 75:188-197.
|* Qualitative look at habitat. including Peromyscus leucopus
(forest with bushy understory not in very small groves) and
Microtus pennsylvanicus (grassland, prairie and some forest with
dense underbrush). 13 species divided into 3 classes. Forest:
P.m. gracilis, P.l. noveboracensis, Clethrionomys gapperi,
Chipmunks and Lemmings. Prairie: P.m. bairdii, M.p., Onychomys
leucogaster. Nonselective: Shrews, Zapus hudsonius. new groves--
>prairie spec. old groves-->forest sp.
Jackson, J.B.C. 1981. Interspecific competition and species
distributions: the ghosts of theories and data past. Am.
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|coevolution?
Jaeger, R.G. 1971. Competitive exclusion as a factor influencing
the distribution of two species of terrestrial salamanders.
Ecology 52:632-637.
Jakobson, M.E. 1978. Winter acclimatization and survival of wild
house mice. J. Zool., Lond. 185:93-104.
|Multivariate analysis of physiological characteristics
James, D.A. and M.J. Lockerd. 198?. Refinement of the Shugart-
Patten-Dueser model for analyzing ecological niche patterns.
|*
James, F.C. 1971. Ordinations of habitat relationships among
breeding birds. Wilson Bulletin 83:215-236.
|* PCA
Jameson, E.W., Jr. 1949. Some factors influencing the local
distribution and abundance of woodland small mammals in
central New York. J. Mamm. 30:221-235.
Jameson, E.W., Jr. 1955. Some factors affecting fluctuations of
Microtus and Peromyscus. J. Mamm. 36:206-209.
| Pero noncyclic, fluct. elastic hab mainly caused by mast avail.
nothing on kompetition.
Jannett, F.J., Jr. 1980. Social dynamics of the Montane Vole,
Microtus montanus, as a paradigm. The Biologist 62:3-19.
| *
Jannett, F.J., Jr. 1981. Scent mediation of intraspecific, interspecific, and intergeneric anonistic behavior among
sympatric species of voles (Microtinae). Behav. Ecol.
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Janzen, D.H. 1983. No park is an island: increase in interference
from outside as park size decreases. Oikos 41:402-410.
Janzen, D.H.(1973) Host Plants as Islands.II. Competitition in
Evolutionary and Contemporary Time. Am. Nat. 107:786-791.
| Argues that community structure of insects on a plant is
dependent on competition for a common resource(which is the
whole plant and not any particular part ie. there are no
feeding guilds when it comes to a single plants resources)
and this may be the greatest aspect of species area
relationships.
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ecologist. In: Jeffers, J.N.R. (ed.), Mathematical Models
in Ecology, Blackwell Scientific.
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Peromyscus: age, sex and species differences. J. Mamm.
62:639-641.
| P. maniculatus and P. truei. Hierarchical log-linear analysis.
more juvenile female in joint captures relative to juv. males.
more adult males rel to adult fem. More joint caps in high
density year.
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Zool. Soc. Lond. 18:85-109.
|* review, home range related to energy requirements, density.
Johnson, C.N. 1986. Philopatry, reproductive success of females,
and maternal investment in the red-necked wallaby. Behav.
Ecol. and Sociobiol. 19:143-150.
Johnson, C.N. 1986. Sex-biased philopatry and dispersal in
mammals. Oecologia 69:626-627.
|* reviews theories of male bias. Hypothesizes that "the sex for
which juvenile dispersal causes the greater delay in the age at
first breeding will be the least likely to disperse" because
young males are suppressed philopatry delays repro. more for them
than females.
Johnson, D.H. 1981. The use and misuse of statistics in wildlife
habitat studies. In: D.E. Capen ed. The Use of Multivariate
Statistics in Studies of Wildlife Habitat. U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Systems Applications Unit for
Land Management Planning, General Technical Report RM-87.
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort
Collins CO. p. 53-57.
|* have book
Johnson, D.R. 1961. The food habits of rodents on rangelands of southern Idaho. Ecology 42:407-410.
| mainly western. no vooles
Johnson, M.L. 1985. Selective basis for dispersal of the prairie
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45:2421.
Johnson, M.L. and M.S. Gaines. 1985. Selective basis for
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field experiment. J. Anim. Ecol. 54:399-410.
|Pulsed removals 8 + 16 week intervals. Survival higher on 1
experimental grid, not the other. Rapid recolonization.
Transcience and colonization phases.
Johnson, M.L. and M.S. Gaines. 1987. The selective basis for
dispersal of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster. Ecology
68:684-694.
| 3x0.8 ha enclosures with exit doors. dispersers from enclo. X
put in 1) an empty enclosure 2) full enclosure that allowed
emigration and 3) back in X. 9 10 week replicates over a 2 year
period. Dispersers had higher fitness-index than residents.
Frustrated dispersers survived slightly less, but reproduced
equally.
Johnson, M.S. 1926. Activity and distribution of certain wild
mice in relation to biotic communitities. J. Mamm. 7:245-
277.
| no single factor can describe or determine distributions. Bio.
clocks - microclimates - all areas similar at night. 293
Peromyscus go into fields in fall. 265: Niche (not expressed as
such). Basic but interesting!!
Johnson, R.B. and W.J. Zimmer. 1985. A more powerful test for
dispersion using distance measurements. Ecology 66:1669-
1675.
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tides. J. Mamm. 38:529-536.
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|* discriminant function analysis (DFA)
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the painted turtle, a principal components analysis. Growth
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|* PCA
Jones, D. 1984. Use, misuse, and role of multiple-comparison
procedures in ecological and agricultural entomology.
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|* a priori, post hoc, a posteriori, boniferroni, Scheffe, SNK,
Tukey, statistics, ANOVA
Jones, E.N. 1984. The effect of forage availability on the home
range and population density of the meadow vole (Microtus
pennsylvanicus). Diss. Abstr. Int. B. Sci. Eng. 45:1668.
Jones, W.T. 1986. Survivorship in philopatric and dispersing
kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis). Ecology 67:202-207.
Jones, W.T. 1988. Density-related changes in survival of
philopatric and dispersing kangaroo rats. Ecology 69:1474-
1478.
| reduced disp. surv. at high dens. Support hypoth. dispersal
more difficult at high densities.
Jones, W.T. 1989. Dispersal distance and the range of nightly
movements in Merriam's Kangaroo rats. J. Mamm. 70:27-34.
| Dipodomys
Jones, W.T., P.M. Waser, L.F. Elliott, N.E. Link and B.B. Bush.
1988. Philopatry, dispersal, and habitat saturation in the
banner-tailed kangaroo rat, ^SDipodomys spectabilis^S.
Ecology 69:1466-1473.
| natal disp. distances vs densities
Jonge, G. de. 1980?. Response to con- and heterospecific male
odours by the voles Microtus agrestis, M. arvalis and
Clethrionomys glareolus with respect to competition for
space.
| scent *
Jordan, C.F. 1982. The nutrient balance of an Amazonian rain
forest. Ecology 63:647-654.
| Atmospheric inputs > = leaching. Active uptake limited to top
40cm of soil
Jordan, J.S. 1971. Dispersal period in a population of eastern
fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper
NE-216:1-8.
Joule, J. and D.L. Jameson. 1972. Experimental manipulation of
population density in three sympatric rodents. Ecology
53:653-660.
| Sigmodon hispidus, Reithrodontomys, Oryzomys. removals of
"competitors" didn't effect O. abund. or weight or sex
ratio. Did effect S. -- notes that study areas cited with
only O. had higher densities than when other species
present.
Joule, J. and G.N. Cameron. 1975. Species removal studies I.
Dispersal strategies of sympatric Sigmodon hispidus and
Reithrodontomys fulvescens populations. J. Mamm. 56:378-396.
Kale, H.W. 1972. A high concentration of Cryptotis parva in a
forest in Florida. J. Mamm. 53:216-218.
| usually old-field species - seldom in woods. In this study caught 200 on wooded secondary dunes. had to use snap traps to
get many. Avg weight 5.8 g!
Kantak, G.E. 1981. Small mammal communities in old fields and
prairies of Wisconsin: significance of microhabitat. Diss.
Abstr. Int., B Sci. Eng., 42:2208
Kaplan, J.L. and J.A. York. 1977? Competitive exclusion and
nonequilibrium coexitence. Am. Nat. ??:1030-1036.
|*
Kareiva, P. (1985). Finding and Losing Host Plants by
Phyllotreta: Patch Size and Surrounding Habitat. Ecology
66:1809-1816.
| Shows that for this system emigration has a more
substantial effect on species abundance than immigration does
(one of the few to address this). Also shows that small
patches are "easy to lose" and "hard to find" particularly
with a surrounding matrix of goldenrod vs. cultivated ground.
Kareiva, P. 1986. Patchiness, dispersal, and species
interactions: consequences for communities of herbivorous
insects. In: Community Ecology, ed. J. Diamond and T.J. Case.
Harper and Row, New York. pp. 192-206.
Karlsson, A.F. 1984. Age-differential homing tendencies in
displaced bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus. Anim. Behav.
32:515-519.
|dispersal?
Karr, J.R. and K.E. Freemark. 1983. Habitat selection and
environmental gradients: Dynamics in the "stable" tropics.
Ecology 64:1481-1494.
Kaufman, D.W., M.E. Peak and G.A. Kaufman. 1985. Peromyscus
leucopus in riparian woodlands: use of trees and shrubs. J.
Mamm. 66:143-145.
|effect of tree size (no effect) and shrub branch density
examined tall dense shrubs more than short sparce. Many null-
effects.
Kaufman, G. 1989. Use of fluorescent pigments to study social
interactions in a small nocturnal rodent, ^SPeromyscusl
maniculatus^S. J. Mamm. 70:171-174.
| transfer of powder between marked an unmarked individuals in
field. up to 6 interactions/night
Kaufman, G.A., D.W. Kaufman and E.J. Finck. 1988. Influence of
fire and topography on habitat selection by ^SPeromyscus
leucopus^S and ^SReithrodontomys megalotis^S in ungrazed
tallgrass prairie. J. Mamm. 69:342-352.
Kearsey, M.J. 1965. Biometrical analysis of a random mating
population: a comparison of five experimental designs. Heredity 20:205-235.
|* quantitative genetics, heritability, variation.
Keen, W.H. 1982. Habitat selection and interspecific competition
in two species of plethodontid salamanders. Ecology 63:94-
102.
Keith, T.P. and R.H. Tamarin. 1981. Genetic and demographic
differences between dispersers and residents in cycling and
noncycling vole populations. J. Mamm. 62:713-725.
Kemp, J.C. and G.W. Barrett. 1989. Spatial patterning: impact of
uncultivated corridors on arthropod populations within
soybean agroecosystems. Ecology 70:114-128.
Kennedy, C.E.J. and T.R.E Southwood (1984). The Number of Insects
Associated with British Trees; A Re-Analysis. J. Anim. Ecol.
53:455-478.
|Log abundance and time (geologic) are most significant
explanatory factors for insect abundance on trees. Note that
ommisions in this widely used data set may be the ommision of
rare hosts of polyphagous insects. contains probably the most
extensive bibliography on this subject.
Kerfoot, W.C., W.R. DeMott and C. Levitan. 1985. Nonlinearities
in competitive interactions: Component variables or system
response? Ecology 66:959-965.
|relationship of demographic variables to population density
2 problems 1) equating a demographic parameter (i.e. brood size)
to growth rate and 2) ignoring or excluding death rate
predisposes results to seeing nonlinearities. Daphnia examples.
Keselman, H.J. J.C. Rogan, J.L. Mendoza and L.J. Breen. Testing
the validity conditions of repeated measures F tests.
Psych. Bulletin 87:479-481.
| ANOVA assumptions
Kincaid, W.B. and G.N. Cameron. 1982. Dietary variation in three
sympatric rodents on the Texas coastal prairie. J. Mamm. 63: 668-
672.
| Sigmodon hispidus and Reithrodontomys fulvescens, Oryzomys
palustris. Food. Rf and Op overall about 90% insects. Sh 84%
monocots.
Kincaid, W.B. and G.N. Cameron. 1982. Effects of species removals
on resource utilization in a Texas rodent community. J.
Mamm. 63: 229-235.
|Sigmodon hispidus and Reithrodontomys fulvescens. Habitat and
food use measured. R removed S -> no sig niche shift (Discrim.
Anal. p<0.10). S removed R -->no sig. niche shift (p,0.50). Some
evidence that R avoids S.
Kincaid, W.B. and G.N. Cameron. 1985. Interactions of cotton rats
with a patchy environment: dietary responses and habitat selection. Ecology 66:1769-1783.
King, J.A. 1983. Seasonal dispersal in a seminatural population
of Peromyscus maniculatus. Can. J. Zool. 61:2740-2750.
| * P.m. bairdii. tried to control 1) population composition 2)
available nest sites 3) food and water, 4)predation and
competition; using protected and food supplemented nest sites.
found seasonal differences (spring,summer>fall) in disappearance
rate despite abund. food and nests. Family groups remained almost
entirely separate. Proposes that dispersal reflects a search for
mates by sexually maturing young animals. Males disperse more
because they are not tied down with raising young. Social
structure from joint captures in nests.
Kinkel, J., J.H. Andrews, F.M.Berbee, and E.V. Nordheim (1987).
Leaves as Islands for Microbes. Oecologia 71:405-408.
|View fungi colonization as possibly representing a system
that comes to an equilibrium. Not a good paper. Less than 10%
of any leaf is colonized and there does not appear to be any
definition on the point of colonization, although one is
needed.
Kirk, R.E. 1968. Experimental design: procedures for the
behavioral sciences. Brooks/Cole Publish. Co. Belmont Calif.
pp. 577.
|statistics, anova
Kitchings, J.T. and D.J. Levy. 1981. Habitat patterns in a small
mammal community. J. Mamm. 62:814-820.
| peromyscus tamias ochrotomys and blarina. Discriminant
analysis. corrobs. Dueser & Shugart 79
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Microtus ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus habitats in east-
central Illinois. J. Mamm. 569-577.
Kleeberger, S.R. 1984. A test of competition in two sympatric
populations of demognathine salamanders. Ecology 65:1846-
1856.
Klein, H.G. 1960. Ecological relationships of Peromyscus leucopus
noveboracensis and P. maniculatus gracilis in central New
York. Ecol. Mongr. 30:387-407.
| early habitat analysis
Kleinbaum, D.G. and L.L. Kupper. 1978. Applied Regression
Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Duxbury Press,
North Scituate, MA. 556 pp.
|* statistics
Kleinbaum, D.G., L.L. Kupper and H. Morgenstern. 1982.
Epidemiological Research: Principals and Quantitative
Methods. Lifetime Learning, Belmont, CA. 529 pp.
|statistics
Knuth, B.A. and G.A. Barrett. 1984. A comparative study of
resource partitioning between Ochrotomys nuttalli and
Peromyscus leucopus. J. Mamm. 65:576-584.
|lab. food preference, thermoregulation, ingestion, assimilation
rates
Koeppl, J.W., N.A. Slade and R.S. Hoffmann. 1975. A bivariate
home range model with possible application to ethological
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Kolasa, J. 1989. Ecological systems in hierarchical perspective:
breaks in community structure and other consequences.
Ecology 70:36-47.
| abundance
Koplin, J.R. and R.S. Hoffmann. 1968. Habitat overlap and
competitive exclusion in voles (Microtus). Amer. Midl. Nat.
80:494-507.
| M. pennsylvanicus in mesic habitat, M. monatanus xeric.
Removed Mp, Mm moved in at least for exploration giving
evidence for compet. exclusion. Found habitat overlap by
using # traps that caught both. Index of overlap = 35%
Koprowski, J.L., J.L. Roseberry and W.D. Klimstra. 1988.
Longevity records for the fox squirrel. J. Mamm. 69:383-
384.
| up to 12.6 years in urban squirrels. lifespan
Korn, H. 1986. Changes in home range size during growth and
maturation of the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and the
bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Oecologia (Berlin)
68:623-628.
|males increased range with weight. females decreased. behavior
deemed important.
Kotler, B.P. 1984. Risks of predation and the structure of desert
rodent communities. Ecology 65:689-701.
| Manipulated seeds & light (lanterns) found gradient in open
area avoidance between species. Predation risk --> habitat
selection
Kotler, B.P. 1985. Microhabitat utilization in desert rodents: a
comparison of two methods of measurement. J. Mamm. 66:374-
378.
Kramer, L. 1982. Absolute stability and transitions in ecosystems
with a multiplicity of stable states and dispersal. J.
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Krebs, C.J. 1970. Microtus population biology: behavioral changes
associated with the population cycle in M. ochrogaster and
M. pennsylvanicus. Ecology 51:34-52.
|aggression? social changes?
Krebs, C.J. 1970. Computer programs for the analysis of
demographic data from small mammal populations. Indiana
Univ. Mimeo. 15 pp.
|*
Krebs, C.J. 1978. A review of the Chitty hypothesis of population
regulation. Can. J. Zool. 56:2463-2480.
|vole cycles, Microtus
Krebs, C.J. 1978. Aggression, dispersal, and cyclic changes in
populations of small mammals. In: Aggression, Dominance, and
Individual Spacing. eds. L. Krames, P. Pliner, T. Alloway.
Plenum. New York. pp. 49-60.
Krebs, C.J. 1979. Dispersal, spacing behaviour, and genetics in
relation to population fluctuations in the vole, Microtus
townsendii. Fortsch. Zool. 25:61-77.
Krebs, C.J. and I. Wingate. 1976. Small mammal communities of the
Kluane Region, Yukon Territory. Can. Field. Nat. 90:379-389.
|survey and habitat study of vole and lemming habs (21)
Krebs, C.J. and J.H. Myers. 1974. Population cycles in small
mammals. Adv. in Ecol. Res. 8:268-399.
| 274- Techniques - voles not equally trappable. See card for
more. Good review but long and tedious
Krebs, C.J. and K. DeLong. 1965. A Microtus population with
supplemental food. J. Mamm. 46:566-573.
Krebs, C.J. and T. Lee. 1985. What are the most significant
questions in mammal ecology. Paper presented at the Fourth
International Theriological Congress, Edmunton Alberta,
Canada. 13-20 August 1985.
|*
Krebs, C.J., B.J. Keller and R.H. Tamarin. 1969. Microtus
population biology: demographic changes in fluctuating
populations of M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in
southern Indiana. Ecology 50:587-607.
| 0.8 ha enclosures - survival rates of species, sexes and age?
classes vary independently. Fenced Mp peak density 292/.8 ha.
Suggest voles may disperse to woods and there perish
Krebs, C.J., B.L. Keller, and R.H. Tamarin. 1969. Microtus
population biology: Demographic changes in fluctuating
populations of M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in
southern Indiana. Ecology 50:587-607.
|* 3x.8 ha enclosures. one fenced population reached densities
high enough to result in overgrazing. dispersal probably
necessary. large adults at peak.
Krebs, C.J., I. Wingate, J. LeDuc, J. Redfield, M. Taitt and R. Hilborn. 1976. Microtus population biology: dispersal in
fluctuating populations of M. townsendii. Can. J. Zool.
54:79-95.
|removal (vacuum) grids
Krebs, C.J., J.A. Redfield and M.J. Taitt. 1978. A pulsed removal
experiment on the vole Microtus townsendii. Can. J. Zool.
56:2253-2262.
| 1 month removal, 2 mon. colonization by dispersers.
Arena trials on aggression- dispersers more submissive --
Juvenile immigration p2257
Krebs, C.J., M.S. Gaines, B.L. Keller, J.H. Myers and R.H.
Tamarin. 1973. Population cycles in small rodents. Science
179:34-41.
| review of past work. mortality of juveniles highest in peak and
decling years. dispersal, genetic changes, behavior, diagram of
modif. Chitty hypothesis. vole cycles, microtus *.
Krebs, C.J., Z.T. Halpin and J.N.M. Smith. 1977. Aggression,
testosterone, and the spring decline in populations of the
vole, Microtus townsendii. Can. J. Zool. 55:430-437.
|Hormones
Krefting, L.W. and C.E. Ahlgren. 1974. Small mammals and
vegetation changes after fire in a mixed conifer-hardwood
forest. Ecology 55:1391-1398.
| snap trapped 3 nights each fall. Peromyscus maniculatus most
plentiful 1st 7 years. Clethrionomys ^
Krohne, D.T. 1982. The demography of low-litter-size populations
of Microtus californicus. Can. J. Zool. 60:368-374.
|*
Krohne, D.T. and M.S. Miner. 1985. Removal trapping studies of
dispersal in Peromyscus leucopus. Canadian J. Zool. 63:71-
75.
Krohne, D.T. and M.S. Miner. 1985. Removal trapping studies of
dispersal in Peromyscus leucopus. Canadian J. Zool. 63:71-
75.
|* no relationship between density and dispersal. Number of mice
immigrating to vacuum grid independent of density. Removal
grids induce movement relative to previous, unmanipulated grids.
Biased toward males and young/nonreproductive age classes.
Krohne, D.T. and R. Baccus. 1985. Genetic and ecological
structure of a population of Peromyscus leucopus. J. Mamm.
66:529-537.
|* demographic unit(unit exhibiting similar popul. regul.) size
ranged from 2.4 to 13.5 ha. Genetic units of comparable size but
did not coincide. Between grid movements (dispersal) from mainly
from high density unit to low (suggests resistance to
immigration).
Krohne, D.T., B.A. Dubbs and R. Baccus. 1984. An analysis of
dispersal in an unmanipulated population of Peromyscus
leucopus. Am. Midl. Nat. 112:146-156.
|* 5 grids with 40 acre total grid area. dispersal up to 1km
detectable. 1 grid went extinct each winter. dispersers defined
as mice that moved 75m. animals moving on to grid that goes
extinct were random sample. Others biased towards adult males.
Number disp. related to density, but proportion not related.
Kuris, A.M., A.R. Blaustein, and J.J. Alio. (1980). Hosts as
Islands. Am. Nat.116:570-586.
| A review paper. The emphasis of the paper deals is on
parasites on mobile hosts, but deals quite a bit with insects
(as parasites of plants). Notes that in general species area
curves for hosts considered in the population and geographic
range sense are not terribly meaningful since there are so
many potentially confounding variables such as
1. Range overlap
2. Data gathering techniques (intensity of the search)
3. Hosts have defensive responses (and potential
effects from "coevolution").
4. Short lived nature of some hosts
and others.
Labov, J.B. et al. 1985. Current problems in the study of
infanticidal behavior of rodents. Quart. Rev. Biol. 60:1-20.
Lachenbruch, P.A. 1975. Discriminant Analysis. Hafner, New York.
128 pp.
|statistics
Lack, D. 1969. Tit niches in two worlds; or homage to Evelyn
Hutchinson. Am. Nat. 103:43-49.
|*
Lacki, M.J. et al. 1984. Spatial response of an eastern chipmunk
population to supplemental food. Amer. Midl. Nat. 111:414-
416.
Lacki, M.J., M.J. Gregory and P.K. Williams. 1984. Summer
activity of Tamias striatus in response to supplemental
food. J. Mamm. 65:521-524.
|Late summer lull still occurred despite added food, but
increased activity relative to lower density control for females.
Laine, K. and H. Henttonen. 1983. The role of plant production in
microtine cycles in northern Fennoscandia. Oikos 40:407-418.
|vole, food
Lana, R.E. and A. Lubin. 1963. The effect of correlation on the
repeated measures design. Educational and Psychological
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| non-independence -- effect on ANOVA
Landwehr, J.M., D. Pregibon and A.C. Shoemaker. 1984. Graphcial
methods for assessing logisitic regression models. J. Am.
Stat. Assoc. 79:61-71.
|statistics
Larson, R.J. 1980. Competition, habitat selection, and the
bathymetric segregation of two rockfish (Sebastes) species.
Ecol. Monog. 50:221-239.
Lawlor, L.R. 1978. A comment on randomly constructed model
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| the prob. of gener. ecologically realistic systems randomly is
vanishingly small (p < 1.E-100)
Lawlor, L.R. 1979. Direct and indirect effects of n-species
competition. Oecologia 43:355-364.
|* higher order effects. Indirect effects may oppose direct.
finds for MacArthur 1968 community that diffuse competition does
not increase when another species added
Lawlor, L.R. 1980. Structure and stabitly in natural and randomly
constructed competitive communities. Am. Nat. 116:394-408.
| randomly constructs commun. by 1) rearranging alphas and 2)
recomputing alphas based on random use of resources.& others.
Finds "random" communities often less stable. variablity of
alphas important.
Lawlor, L.R. and J.M. Smith. 1976. The coevolution and stabilty
of competing species. Am. Nat. 110:79-99.
|well wrtten but highly theoretical model with "evolutionary"
parameters. got Incr. global stability but negligible icr. in
local stability with coev. -not much discussion or conclusions
Lawlor, T.P. 1998. Biogeography of the great basin mammals: Paradigm
lost? J. Mamm. 79:1111-1130.
| additional data reduces slope of Brown 1971 and 1978 analyses.
Analysis of nesting in communities. more dynamic, less relict
interpretation
Lawton , J.H. and D. Schroder (1977). Effects of Plant Type, Size
of Geographical Range, and Taxonomic Isolation on Nnumber of
Insect Species Associated with British Plants. Nature 265:
137-140.
| Show that species richness on plants is trees>woody
shrubs=perennial herbs>weeds and other annuals>monocots by
looking at log species log area intercepts (a structure
argument). Find no taxonomic isolation effect.
Lawton, J.H. Host Plant Influences on Insect Diversity: The
Effects of Time and Space in Diversity of Insect
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Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society , Blackwells
Scientific Publications Oxford.
| Looks mostly at effects of habitat. Notes seasonal
abundance of insects on plants may be more due to increasing
size of leaf then chemically induced effects.
Lawton, A.D. and J.M. Whitsett. 1979. Inhibition of sexual
maturation by a urinary pheromone in male prairie deer mice. Horm. Behav. 13:128-138.
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| Notes that there is a species area relationship between
bracken in New Mexico (small area) and that in Britian. He
feels this however is less due to area per se then the
possibility that there is still plenty of room for more
herbivores in New Mexico but that the species pool of
potential colonists is fairly exhausted.
Lawton, J.H. and P.W. Price (1979). Species Richness of Parasites
on Hosts: Agromyzid Flies on the British Umbelliferae. J.
Anim. Eco. 48:619-637.
| Argue that leaf form is the most impt factor in determining
species richness of these miners not size, life history,
taxonomic isolation, competitors, or parasitoids. Feel that
there are vacant niches here also.
Layne, J.N. 1958. Notes on the mammals of southern Illinois. Am.
Midl. Nat. 60:219-254.
Lecyk, M. 1967. Influence of crowded population stimuli on the
development of the reproductive organs in the common vole.
Acta theriol. 12:177-179.
|Microtus arvalis young male maturation slowed when reared near
cages with fighting adults. Suppression (from Gustafsson et al
1983- Oikos)
Lefkovitch, L.P. and L. Fahrig. 1985. Spatial characteristics of
habitat patches and population survival. Ecological
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|* Model. Populations in completely isolated patches have lower
survival probabilities than well connected patches. Peromyscus
used as test case.
Lehmann, U. and C.W. Sommersberg. 1980. Activity patterns of the
common vole, Microtus arvalis - Automatic recording of
behavior in an enclosure. Oecologia (Berl.) 47:61-75.
|3x4 m *
Lemen, C. 1980. Relationship between relative brain size and
climbing ability in Peromyscus. J. Mamm. 61:360-364.
| morphology. species with larger brain better climbers.
Lemen, C. and P.W. Freeman. 1983. Quantification of competition
among coexisting heteromyids in the southwest. Southwestern
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Lemen, C.A. 1978. Seed size selection in heteromyids. A second
look. Oecologia 35:13-19.
Lemen, C.A. and P.W. Freeman. 1985. Tracking mammals with fluorescent pigments: A new technique. J. Mamm. 66:136-139.
|alternative to radio tracking. up to 900 m! can use to get home
range and food information.
Levin, S.A., D. Cohen and A. Hastings. 1984. Dispersal strategies
in patchy environments. Theor. Popul. Biol. 26:165-191.
|*
Levine, S. 1976. Competitive interactions in ecosystems. Amer.
Nat. 110:903-910.
|* indirect interactions
Levins, R. 1966. The strategy of model building in population
biology. Amer. Sci. 54:421-431.
|(* in Analysis of model ecosystems folder) realism, generality
and precision. Can have 2 of three only. "truth is the
intersection of independent lies."
Levins, R. 1968. Evolution in changing environments. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.
Levins, R. and D. Culver 1971. Regional coexistence of species
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| fugative species?
Lewin, R. 1983. Predators and hurricanes change ecology. Science
221:737-740.
|Review of attacks and defences on competition as major factor
Lidicker, W.J. 1988. Solving the enigma of microtine "cycles".
J. Mamm. 69:225-235.
| multifactorial model
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1962. Emigration as a possible mechanism
permitting the regulation of population density below
carrying capacity. Am. Nat. 96:29-33.
|in Lid + Cald 82. Dispersal may increase fitness by 1)allowing
more matings 2)increasing heterozygosity 3)avoid population
crashes. Motives: may be due to short term reductions is carrying
capacity (-> poor condition,poorly adapted) or may be positively
related to population density(good condition, but young).
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1965. Comparative study of density regulation
in confined populations of four species of rodents. Res.
Popul. Ecol. 7:57-72.
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1966. Ecological observations on a feral house
mouse population declining to extinction. Ecol. Mongr.
36:27-50.
|on Brooks Island. Microt. calif. colonized island during study
Disturbances to nests may have disrupted pregs as well as direct
attacks -- however, he believes many factors may have been
operating - Mus have not repopulated in the face of Microtus pop.
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1973. Regulations of numbers in an island
population of the California vole, a problem in community
dynamics. Ecol. Mongr. 43:271-302.
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1975. The role of dispersal in the demography
of small mammal populations. In: Small Mammals: Their
Productivity and Population Dynamics. eds F.B. Golley, K.
Petrusewicz, and L. Ryszkowski. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Cambridge pp. 103-128.
|in Lid + Cald 82
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1976. Social behavior and density regulation
in the house mouse living in large enclosures. J. Anim.
Ecol. 45:677-697.
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D.P. Snyder (ed.) Populations of Small Mammals Under Natural
Conditions. Special Publ. Series, Pymatuning Lab. of Ecol.
5: 122-141.
|* multifactorial theory, dispersal.
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1979. Analysis of two freely growing enclosed
populations of the California vole. J. Mamm. 60:447-463.
| ad lib food and water - 83m2 enclosures - reached densities of
2.39x10^4/ha large % reproductively inactive. Refs on male
inhibition in house mice
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1985. Dispersal. In: Biology of the New World
Microtus. Ed. R.H. Tamarin. Am. Soc. Mammal. Spec. Publ.
8:420-454.
|* Good review - Classifications: 1)Saturation 2)Pre-saturation
a)seasonal b)ontogenetic c)colonizing d)interference. Types of
animals 1) non-reprod, sex neutr. or female 2a) mostly male
2c)adult females. In population regulation pre-saturation
dispersal with large dispersal sink and survival habitat strongly
limited periodically relative to colonizing habitat can lead to
cycles.
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. 1985. Population structuring as a factor in
understanding microtine cyles. Acta Zool. Fennica 173:23-27.
|* hypothesis for vole cycles.
Lidicker, W.Z., Jr. and P.K. Anderson. 1962. Colonization of an
island by Microtus californicus analyzed on the basis of
runway transects. J. Anim. Ecol. 31:503-517.
|on Brooks Island. used runway counts on 3 transects to assess
density. runways reflected optimal habitats - poor areas had
runways only at peak densities. saturation dispersal socially
mediated.
Lima, S.L. 1986. Predation risk and unpredictable feeding
conditions: determinants of body mass in birds. Ecology 67:377-385.
Lindroth, R.L. and G.O. Batzli. 1984. Food habits of the meadow
vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in bluegrass and prairie
habitats. J. Mamm. 65:600-606.
| stomach contents. seasonal shifts.
Lindstedt, S.L., B.J. Miller and S.W. Buskirk. 1986. Home range,
time and body size in mammals. Ecology 67:413-418.
|body mass related to home range size for predators. Support link
between energetic requirements and HR size
Linzey, A.V. and J.A. Cranford. 1984. Habitat selection in the
southern bog lemming, Synaptomys cooperi, and the meadow
vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Virginia. Canadian Field
Nat. 98:463-469.
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on a small mammal population. J. Mamm. 40:425-437.
|cut alfalfa field. male Microtus pennsylvanicus disperse more.
Mp + corr. veg. height and cover. and - corr. Peromyscus
maniculatus density. After disturb. only new voles on grid. Maps
show differences in centers of density for Pm and Mp but it is
interpreted as a response to vegetation.
Lochmiller, R.L., W.E. Grant, E.C. Hellgren and L.W. Varner.
1986. Serum and urine biochemical indicators of nutritional-
status in adult female collared peccaries, Tayassu tajacu
(Tayassuidae) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
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|food
Lohmoller, J.
|* Handout on Jacknife, Bootstraping and blindfolding. Multiple
regression, statistics.
Lombardi, J.R. and J.G. Vandernbergh. 1977. Pheromonally induced
sexual maturation in females: regulation by the social
environment of the male. Science 196:545-546.
|inhibition
Lombardo, D.L. and C.R. Terman. 1980. The influence of the social
environment on sexual maturation of female deer mice
Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi. Res. Popul. Ecol. (Kyoto)
22:93-100.
| lab study. density of adults --> suppressed uterine
development. good refs on suppression, hormones, urine
Lomnicki, A. 1978. Individual differences between animals and the
natural regulation of animal numbers. J. Zool. 37:461-476.
|propose frequency dependent mech. of population regulation via
emigration (dispersal) (from crowell 1983 pg 451)
Lomolino, M.V. 1984. Immigrant selection, predation, and the distributions of Microtus pennsylvanicus and Blarina
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| predatory exclusion of Mp by Bb. Bb on near islands (small,
less energy for dispersal). Mp on far islands - Bb absent -->
wider habitat utilization. Experiment - add Bb --> Mp Juveniles
decrease (1 extinction) (but all Bb --> extinction). Immigration
abilities related to size
Lomolino, M.V. 1984. Mammalian island biogeography: effects of
area isolation and vagility. Oecologia 61:376-382.
Lomolino, M.V. 1985. Body size of mammals on islands: the island
rule reexamined. Amer. Nat. 125:310-316.
Lorenz, G.C., and G.W. Barrett. 1986. The importance of corridors
for feral house mouse (Mus musculus) dispersal. Paper
presented to Amer. Soc. Mammalogists.
|* suggest fence facilitates dispersal.
Louch, C.D. 1956. Adrenocortical activity in relation to the
density and dynamics of three confined populations of
Microtus pennsylvanicus. Ecology 37:701-713.
| Small enclosures
Lubina, J.A. 1985. Dispersal processes at the species,
population, and individual levels of ecological
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(Neotoma)
Lubina, J.A. 1985. Dispersal processes at the species,
population, and individual levels of ecological
organization. Diss. Abstr. Int. B. Sci. Eng. 45:2795.
|* Neotoma energetic costs of transport very small (2-9%). Only
17 dispersed into removal sites.
Ludwig, J.A. and J.M. Cornelius. 1987. Locating discontinuities
along ecological gradients. Ecology 68:448-450.
|use sliding window and dissimilarities for gradient oriented
transect.
M'Closkey, R.T. 1975. Habitat dimensions of white-footed mice,
Peromyscus leucopus. Am. Midl. Nat. 93:158-167.
M'Closkey, R.T. 1975. Habitat succession and rodent distribution.
J. Mamm. 56:950-955.
|* Peromyscus and microtus - differences in foliage height
diversity
M'Closkey, R.T. 1976. Community structure in sympatric rodents.
Ecology 57: 728-739.
M'Closkey, R.T. 1978. Niche separation and assembly in four
species of sonoran desert rodents. Am. Nat. 112:683-694.
|* finds niche sep. and diversity pos. corr. and supports niche overlap hypothesis (pianka 1972). Looks at assembly rules--
observed communities have minimum possible niche separation
(carefull of tricky analysis and sparse data)
M'Closkey, R.T. 1980. Spatial patterns in sizes of seeds
collected by four species of heteromyid rodents. Ecology
61:486-489.
| strong correlation between habitat difs and seed size difs.
M'Closkey, R.T. 1981. Microhabitat use in coexisting desert
rodents - The role of population density. Oecologia (Berl.)
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|Density dependent microhab. diffs. due to shifts rather than
hab. expansion.*
M'Closkey, R.T. 1983. Desert rodent activity: response to seed
production by two perennial plant species. Oikos 41:233-238.
M'Closkey, R.T. and B. Fieldwick. 1975. Ecological separation of
sympatric rodents (Peromyscus and Microtus). J. Mamm.
56:119-129.
| food - pero more insects, micro more monocots. Using foliage
height diversity and basal area and mat depth, got sig. diffs. At
traps where both caught, Micro usually not a resident (sig diff)
but pero didn't care if micro there. competition, habitat
selection.
M'Closkey, R.T. and D.T. Lajoie. 1975. Determinants of local
distribution and abundance in white-footed mice. Ecology
56:467-472.
|* 0-7.6 cm layer density highly corr. with Peromyscus leucopus
except in grasslands. Habitat
Macarthur R.A., V. Geist and R.H. Johnston. 1986. Cardiac
responses of bighorn sheep to trapping and radio
instrumentation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:1197-1200.
|telemetry
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|*
MacArthur, R.H. 1972. Geographical Ecology: patterns in the
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MacArthur, R.H. and E.R. Pianka. 1966. On optimal use of a patchy
environment. Am. Nat. 100:603-609.
| compression hypothesis: reduced resource --> change in habitat
foraged, but not in food items. Competition favors specialist, but generalist can win if capture rate times hunting time is
greater.
MacArthur, R.H. and R. Levins. 1967. The limiting similarity,
convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat.
101:377-385.
|niche, competition
MacArthur, R.H., J.M. Diamond and J.R. Karr. 1972. Density
compensation in island faunas. Ecology 53:330-342.
Mace, G.M., P.H. Harvey and T.H. Clutton-Brock. 1983. Vertebrate
home-range size and energetic requirements. In: The Ecology
of Animal Movement. eds. I.R. Swingland and P.J. Greenwood.
Clarendon Press, Oxford. p. 32-53.
|* review with extensive data review tables. Home range size
strongly related to body size. Propose importance of interaction
between body size and resource distrib., as well as single
factors.
MacMillen, R.E. 1983. Water regulation in Peromyscus. J. Mamm.
64:38-47.
| physiology, "modest" ability to drink salted water.
Madison, D.M. 1977. Movements and habitat use among interacting
Peromyscus leucopus as revealed by radiotelemetry. Can.
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|* home range averaged 0.1 ha
Madison, D.M. 1978. Behavioral and sociochemical suseptibility of
meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to snake predators.
Am. Midl. Nat. 100:23-28.
Madison, D.M. 1980. An integrated view of the social biology of
Microtus pennsylvanicus. The Biologist 62:20-33.
|home range, radiotracking. females overlap little. males much
more. On average overlap with 2 other individ. opportunisitic
mating. good repro. summary p 25 (21 day repro cycle,10-14 days
weining) *
Madison, D.M. 1980. Space use and social structure in meadow
voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Behavioral Ecology and
Sociobiology 7:65-71.
| radiotelemetry - Absolute spacing among females but not males
promiscuous mating.
Madison, D.M., R.W. FitzGerald and W.J. McShea. 1984. Dynamics of
social nesting in overwintering meadow voles (Microtus
pennsylvanicus) possible consequences for population
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Magnusson, W.E. 1983. Use of discriminant function to
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critique. J. Wildlife Manag. 47:1151-1152.|microhabitat
Maly, M.S. et al. 1985. Effects of resource partitioning on
dispersal behavior of feral house mice. J. Mamm. 66:148-153.
Maly, M.S., B.A. Knuth, and G.W. Barrett. 1985. Effects of
resource partitioning on dispersal behavior of feral house
mice. J. Mamm. 66:153-155.
|semi-enclosed populations with food hoppers in 2 different
patterns. Test hypoth. more dispersal from centralized- found to
be the case. dispersers changed grids.
Marten, G.G. 1973. Time patterns of Peromyscus activity and their
correlations with weather. J. Mamm. 54:169-188.
Martin, T.E. 1981. Limitation in small habitat islands: Chance or
competition? Auk 98:715-734.
Massey, A. and J.G. Vanderbergh. 1980. Puberty delay by a urinary
cue from female house mice in feral populations. Science
209:821-822.
|* Mus, suppression. Found longer time to puberty of lab mice
exposed to field collected urine from high density population
relative to low density population.
Massey, A. mss. Variable responses to high density of female Mus
musculus: A merger of two population regulation hypotheses.
|doesn't seem to be ESS.
Master, L.L. 1977. The effect of interspecific competition on
habitat utilization by two species of Peromyscus. Ph.D diss.
Univ. Mich., Ann Arbor MI. 191 pp.
| P maniculatus bairdii and P leucopus noveboracensis. Removal
experiments support competition. shifts in hab use and density 2
replicates. Lab tests --> no consistant winner. Introductions
also made(diss. abstr. 38106 p2510-B).
Mattson, W.J., Jr. 1980. Herbivory in relation to nitrogen
content. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11:119-161.
| mainly insects
May, R.M. 1975. Some notes on estimating the competition matrix
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advances and retreats. Ecology 67:1115-1126.
Maynard Smith, J. 1976. Evolution and the theory of games. Am.
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|Evolutionarily stable strategies ESS
Maynard Smith, J. and G.A. Parker. 1976. The logic of asymmetric contests. Anim. Behav. 24:159-175.
| symmetrical competition escalates. Assymmetric competition can
be won w/o fight. Dominance, subordinate, aggression
Mazdzer, E., M.R. Capone and L.C. Drickamer. 1976. Conspecific
odors and trappability of deer mice (Peromyscus leucopus
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|* traps scented male PL, female PL, Weasel and control (plain).
PL scents from animals left in traps for 6 hrs. Preferred trap
sented by opposite sex. No aversion to weasel.
Mazurkiewicz, M and E. Rajska. 1975. Dispersion of young bank
voles from their place of birth. Acta Theriol. 20:71-81.
|dispersal
McCaffrey, C. 1976. The major vegetation communities of the
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repeated-measures designs: Some alternative approaches.
Child Development 44:410-415.
|MANOVA *
McCarley, W.H. 1954. The ecological distribution of the
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McCarley, W.H. 1959. The effect of flooding on a marked
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McCormick-Ray, M.G. 1987. Hemocytes of Mytilus edulis affected by
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|*
McCoy, E.D. 1982. The application of island-biogeographic theory
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McCoy, E.D., S.S. Bell, and K. Walters. Identifying biotic
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McCulloch, C.E. 1985. Variance tests for species association.
Ecology 66:1676-1681.
| presence/absence, density data, connection of measures of
association with classical F-tests, chi-square. Cochran's Q.
could be used to identify possible competitors?
McGovern, M. and C.R. Tracy. 1985. Physiological plasticity in
electromorphs of blood proteins in free-ranging Microtus
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|several commonly used genetic indices vary within individuals (Tf and LAP). suggest may be used as indices of physiological
state.
McGuinness, K.A. 1984. Equations and explanations in the study of
species-area curves. Biological Rev. 59:423-440.
|island biogeography
McGuire, B. and M. Novak. 1984. A comparison of maternal
behaviour in the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus),
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Anim. Behav. 32:1132-1141.
|reproduction
McIvor, C.C. and W.E. Odum. 1988. Food, predation risk, and
microhabitat selection in a marsh fish assemblage. Ecology
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McMahon, T.E. and J.C. Tash. 1988. Experimental analysis of the
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| "fence" effect observed in exper. ponds
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McNaughton, S.J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the
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|* Africa, primary productivity, herbivory
McPherson, A.B. and J.N. Krull. 1972. Island populations of small
mammals and their affinities with vegetation type, island
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| islands less then 1000 sq ft. don't support mammals
McQuate, G.T., P.F Germann and E.F. Connor. 1986. Soybean cell
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114.
|*
McShea, W.J. and D.M. Madison. 1984. Communal nesting between
reproductively active females in a spring population of
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McShea, W.J. and D.M. Madison. 1989. Measurements of reproductive
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| Microtus, radiotelemetry, body growth rates 0.44g/day. Neg.
corr between litter size and popul. density
McShea, W.J. and E.N. Francq. 1984. Microhabitat selection by
Peromyscus leucopus. J. Mamm. 65:675-678.
McShea, W.J. and E.N. Francq. 1984. Microhabitat selection by Peromyscus leucopus. J. Mamm. 65:675-678.
|Stepwise Discriminant analysis between tree and ground
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unimportant relative to structural, food and weather variables.
Mead, R. 1971. A note on the use and misuse of regression models
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|*
Mehlhop, P. and J.F. Lynch. 1978. Population characteristics of
Peromyscus leucopus introduced to islands inhabitated by
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| intro. PL to 2 islands in Chesapeake Bay. On one island death
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Biogeography, competition.
Mellor P.M. and S.J. Pettinger. 1986. Application of radio
telemetry to cardiovascular monitoring in unrestrained
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Ecology 53:635-644.
Menkens, G.E., Jr. and S.H. Anderson. 1988. Estimation of small-
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| compare CAPTURE program output with Lincoln-Peterson index
Meredith, D.H. 1974. Long distance movements by two species of
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469.
Merkt, J.R. 1981. An experimental study of habitat selection by
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|colonization of habitat observed. removals,dispersal. Habitat vs
density.
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|in lab enclosure, screech owl caught 11 "transients" and only 2
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Implication that dispersal is dangerous. in Lid+Cald 82
Metzgar, L.H. 1971. Behavioral population regulation in the wood
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|female territoriality important.
Metzgar, L.H. 1973. Home range shape and activity in Peromyscus
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populations. Am. Midl. Nat. 103:26-31.
| population regulation. Home range dispersion no different in
high and low densities at a site. Theories: mode 1: Residents
maintain homerange. mode 2: residents maintain HR but tolerate
subordinates. Mediated by patchiness, stability, defendability. *
Meyer, J.S., C.G. Ingersol, L.L. McDonald and M.S. Boyce. 1986.
Estimating uncertainty in population growth rates: Jackknife
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Michell-Olds, T. 1987. Analysis of local variation in plant size.
Ecology 68:82-87.
|psuedo-replication, path analysis, statistics
Michener, G.R. and D.R. Michener. 1977. Population structure and
dispersal in Richardson's ground squirrels. Ecology 58:359-
368.
Michener, W.K (ed.). 1986. Research Data Management in the Ecological
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| removed peromyscus leucopus from 2 ha woods. immigrants from
distant areas - not nearby woods. Isolated patches of woods. Used
weight criterion for dispersal. *
Middleton, J.D. and H.G. Merriam. 1983. Distribution of woodland
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|* distribution in discontinuous areas relative to continuous
habitat. No consistent patterns due to fractionation. Forest
patches not acting as islands.
Mihok, S. 1981. Chitty's hypothesis and behaviour in subarctic
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|Neutral arena social behavior
Mihok, S., B.T. Turner and S.L. Iverson. 1985. The
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|* regulation, cycles, dispersal. Propose immunilogical
dysfunction or pathogenic microparisites that expoit changes in
dispersal and social contacts.
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seasonal environments. Spec. Publ. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist.
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maniculatus over an elevational gradient. Canadian J. Zool. 63:124-129.
|* Autopsy data 1000 m gradient 1370-2700 m. Higher elevation
shorter, later breeding but no difference in adult weight, litter
size, growth rates and breeding success. Delay means offspring
raised under similar environmental conditions.
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913.
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Miller, J.S., and S.I. Iverson. 1976. Weight of eye lens as an
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| good compet. review
Miller, T.E. and P.A. Werner. 1987. Competitive effects and
responses between plant species in a first-year old-field
community. Ecology 68:1201-1210.
| succession, compet. hierarchy
Mineau, P. and D. Madison. 1977. Radiotracking of Peromyscus
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Modi, W.S. 1984. Reproductive tactics among deer mice of the
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Monro, R.H. 1984. A technique for monitoring changes in small
mammal habitats. J. Zool. 204:566-569.
Montgomery, W.I. 1980. Spatial organization in sympatric
populations of Apodemus sylvaticus and A. falvicollis
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|*
Moore, F.R. 1978. Interspecific aggression: Toward whom should a
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176.
|percent aggression positively related to percent frugivory.
competition, no frugivores seldom attacked
Moore, J. and R. Ali. 1984. Are dispersal and inbreeding
avoidance related. Anim. Behav. 32:94-122.
|* argue that intrasexual competition and territory choice better
explanation than inbreeding for the evolution of dispersal. Argue
that inbreeding based dispersal should occur exclusively in one sex. Flawed graph fails to take into account that P(sib mating)
decreases roughly as square of distance dispersed -- even if both
sexes disperse just due to geometry -- because it implicitly
ignores directionality. See Packer 1985 for criticism.
Morin, P.J. 1983. Predation, competition, and the composition of
larvae anuran guilds. Ecol. Mongr. 53:119-138.
Morin, P.J., S.P. Lawler and E.A. Johnson. 1988. Competition
between aquatic insects and vertebrates: interaction
strength and higher-order interactions. Ecology 69:1401-
1409.
Morris, D.W. 1982. Age-specific dispersal strategies in
iteroparous species: who leaves when? Evol. Theory 6:53-65.
|* Costs: Adults - survival and fecundity; Juveniles - only
survival. Elements of Anderson's resident fitness hypothesis.
Math Models.
Morris, D.W. 1983. Field tests of competitive interference for
space among temperate-zone rodents. Canad. J. Zool. 61:1517-
1523.
Morris, D.W. 1986. Proximate and ultimate controls on life-
history variation - the evolution of litter size in white-footed
mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Evolution 40:169-181.
Morris, D.W. 1984. Patterns and scale of habitat use in two
temperate-zone, small mammal faunas. Canadian J. Zool.
62:1540-1547.
Morris, D.W. 1984. Rodent population cycles: life history
adjustments to age-specific dispersal strategies and
intrinsic time lags. Oecologia 64:8-13.
|* theory based on P/J ratio [P: P(adult survive until next
reproductive episode) J: P(Juvenile survive to age of first
repro.)].
Morris, D.W. 1987. Ecological scale and habitat use. Ecology
68:362-369.
| macrohabitat+temporaral good predictors of Microtus and
Peromyscus abundance, but microhabitat is a poor predictor.
Multiple regression.
Morris, R.D. 1969. Competitive exclusion between Microtus and
Clethrionomys in the aspen parkland of Saskatchewan. J.
Mamm. 50:291-301.
Morse, D.H. 1974. Niche breadth as a function of social
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| as breadth incr. alpha(competition) decr, wt. incr. but as
alpha incr. wt. incr. -- high breadth and high alpha
uncommon
Mossman, A.S. 1955. Light penetration in relation to small mammal
abundance. J. Mamm. 36:564-566.
|used light meter (short term study) as light incr. signs of mice
decrease (pero + Micro. et al mixed together)
Motro, U. 1983. Optimal rates of dispersal III. Parent-offspring
conflict. Theoret. Popul. Biol. 23:159-169.
| model
Moyer, C.A., G.H. Adler and R.H. Tamarin. 1988. Systematics of
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Mamm. 69:782-794.
| stepwise discriminant analysis of cranial and dental measurements
Muehrcke, P.C. 1978. Map use: Reading analysis and
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|* exerpt pg 87 on UTM and state plane coordinate systems.
Mueller, L.D. and L. Altenberg. 1985. Statistical inference on
measures of niche overlap. Ecology 66:1204-1210.
| bootstrap, jackknife and delta methods applied to overlap
statistics.
Muenchow, G. 1986. Ecological use of failure time analysis.
Ecology 67:246-250.
Munger, J.C. and J.H. Brown. 1981. Competition in desert
rodents: An experiment with semipermeable exclosures.
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| presence or absence of Dipodomys and ants *
Murie, J.O. 1971. Dominance relationships between Peromyscus and
Microtus in captivity. Amer. Midl. Nat. 86:229-230.
|Lab (arena) study. Pero better comp.
Murie, O.J. and A. Murie. 1931. Travels of Peromyscus. J. Mamm.
12:200-209.
| displacement and return, homing, dispersal? returns from up to
2 miles, several over 1 mile. raw data available in paper.
Murphy, K.L. 1984 mss. Juvenile dispersal in deer mice: effect of
experimentally-induced delay in gonadal maturation.
|* for information only, do not cite.
Murray, B.G., Jr. 1967. Dispersal in vertebrates. Ecology 48:975-
978.
|* model. Argues in favor of individual selective advantage- not
group selection. Model:Subadults move to first available site and
become dominant. Adults make sites unavailable. Death is random.
(see also Smith 79)
Murray, B.G., Jr. 1971. The ecological consequences of
interspecific territorial behavior in birds. Ecology 52:414-
423.
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integrated approach to the study of animal and plant
distributions. Chapman and Hall, New York. 584 pp.
Myers, J.H. 1974. Genetic and social structure of feral house
mouse populations on Grizzly Island, California. Ecology
55:747-759.
| Mus, demes, electrophoritic variants -- dispersal important for
feral pops, *
Myers, J.H. and C.J. Krebs. 1971. Genetic, behavioral, and
reproductive attributes of dispersing field voles Microtus
pennsylvanicus and Microtus ochrogaster. Ecol. Mongr. 41:53-
78.
|*
Myers, J.H. and C.J. Krebs. 1974. Population cycles in rodents.
Sci. Am. 230:38-46.
Myers, P. and L.L. Master. 1983. Reproduction by Peromyscus
maniculatus: size and compromise. J. Mamm. 64:1-18.
| trade offs of large litters vs large young.
Myllymaki, A. 1974. Experience from an unsuccessful removal of a
semi-isolated population of Arvicola terrestris (L.) Proc.
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387.
| "Top caste" male removal ->rapid growth and sexual maturation
in young males (from Myll. 1977 Oikos 29:561)
Myllymaki, A. 1975. Social mechanims in the population ecology
and population control of microtine rodents. Ecol. Bull.
19:241-254.
Myllymaki, A. 1977. Demographic mechanisms in fluctuating
populations of the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos
29:468-493.
| female breeding fate predicted by growth rate.
408 m2 enclosure (about 20m/side) traps run 1/hr every 5 days
482:suppression of young male growth by dominant male mainly
response to aggression -> lower activity ->less food
Myllymaki, A. 1977. Interactions between the field vole Microtus
agrestis and its microtine competitors in Central-
Scandinavian populations. Oikos 29:570-580.
| males home range dist. rel. uniform (N.S). Wounding suggests
males aggressively maintain territories. Apparent food shortage
in high density enclosed population. favored food exhausted
(clover leaves) --> no reproduction.
Myllymaki, A. 1977. Intraspecific competition and home range
dynamics in the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29:553-
569.| enclosure 408 m2 confined colony about 10x normal densities
"There is no doubt that the suppression of the initially rapid
growth of young males belonging to the first two spring-born
litters was directly due to the aggressiveness of the dominant
males" 560-exhibited spacial avoidance.
Myton, B. 1974. Utilization of space by Peromyscus leucopus and
other small mammals. Ecology 55:277-290.
| forest area in MD. population density peaks in Nov-Dec. and May
(smaller). May have groups of 1 female and several males and
juveniles.
Nadeau, J.H., R.T. Lombardi and R.H. Tamarin. 1981. Population
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|* vaccuum grid. dispersing males random with respect to weight.
Disp. females more likely reproductive. Dispute male-territory
theory. propose theory based on access to females.
Negus, N.C., E. Gould and R.K. Chipman. 1961. Ecology of the rice
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| Only species on island, nothing much on hab.
Nelson, M.E. and L.D. Mech. 1984. Home-range formation and
dispersal of deer in northeastern Minnesota. J. Mamm.
65:567-575.
| 11 does+ their fawns radiotracked for up to 56 months. Most
males moved away, where females established areas adjacent to
mother. support inbreeding avoidance hypothesis. Good review of
hypotheses + theories. Hyptheses for dispersal 1) avoid
inbreeding (Wilson 1975) 2) mating system (Greenwood 1980) 3)
selection FOR inbreeding (Sheilds 82, R.H. Smith 79) (certain
types of incest promoted).
Nevo, E. 1973. Adaptive variation in size of cricket frogs.
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|Discriminant and Regression *
Nichols, J.D. 1986. On the use of enumeration estimators for
interspecific comparisons, with comments on a "trappability"
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| density estimates (MNA) biased. Use dangerous for different
species, since trappability for species different.
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contemporary small mammal capture-recapture studies. J.
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| population density
Nichols, J.D. et al. 1984. The use of robust capture-recapture
design in small mammal population studies: a field example
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Nichols, J.D., J.E. Hines and K.H. Pollock. 1984. Effects of
permanent trap response in capture probability on Jolly-
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|Simulations. density/survival estimates most effected by trap
shyness with high turnover
Nicholson, A.J. 1941. The homes and social habits of the wood-
mouse (Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis) in southern
Michigan. Am. Midl. Nat. 25:196-223.
| nest mainly in trees (from Getz 1961), dispersal distances
reported (from stickel 1968)
Niemela, P. and S. Neuvonen (1983). Species Richness of Her
bivores on Hosts: How Robust are Patterns revealed by
Analysing Published Host Plant Lists? Ann. Ent. Fenn. 49:95-
99.
| Argue that host geographic range is not a good measure of
species richness because it misses the actual abundance of
the host. Note an "entomologist-area" effect and the season
to season variability of polyphagous insects on rare hosts.
Norusis, M.J. 1985. SPSS-X Advanced Statistics Guide. McGraw
Hill, New York. 505 pp.
Novak, J.M. 1983. Multiple captures of Peromyscus leucopus:
social behavior in a small rodent. J. Mamm. 64:710-713.
| 2 animals caught in same single capture live-trap. Rare. more
female adults involved in heterosexual pairs, male subadults in
homosexual pairs
O'Brien, R.G. 1986. Using the SAS system to perform power
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SAS Institute Inc., 778-784.
|*
O'Brien, R.G. 1986. Power analyses for linear models. Proceedings
of the Eleventh Annual SAS Users Group International
Conference, Cary NC: SAS Institute Inc.
|*
O'Brien, R.G. and M.K. Kaiser. 1985. MANOVA method for analyzing
repeated measures designs: An extensive primer. Psych. Bull.
97:316-333.
|*
O'Brien, R.G. mss. Performing power sensitivity analyses on
general linear model hypotheses using regular computing
software.
|* statistics
O'Neill, R.V., D.L. DeAngelis, J.B. Waide and T.F.H. Allen. (in press). A Hierachical Concept of the Ecosystem. Princeton
Press, Princeton.
Oaten, A. 1977. Optimal foraging in patches: a case for
stochasticity. Theor. Popul. Biol. 12:263-285.
|* "ignoring stochasticity can lead to wrong answers" Models,
randomness, non deterministic
Olsen, C.L. 1976. On choosing a test statistic in multivariate
analysis of variance. Psychological Bulletin 83:579-586
|Good evaluation of MANOVA statistics *
Opler, P.A. (1974). Oaks as Evolutionary Islands for Leaf-mining
Insects. American Scientist 62: 67-73.
| Disagrees with geological time theory. Shows that an
individual of a tree w/ a large dist. will support more miner
species than an individual of a host w/ a small range.
Ormiston, B.G. 1985. Effects of a subminiature radio collar on
activity of free-living white-footed mice. Can. J. Zool.
63:733-735.
|peromyscus, telemetry, tracking
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|Peromyscus leucopus introductions. 30% stayed regardless of time
held. added 20 ft of runway to enclosed cage and got 90% to stay.
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California Voles. J. Anim. Ecol. 55:691-706.
Ostfeld, R.S. 1985. Limiting resources and territoriality in
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|can recognise male female and joint territotial defense, female
territoriality related to renewable food res. (from Cockburn
88)
Ostfeld, R.S. 1987. On the distinction between female defense and
resource defense polygyny. Oikos
Ostfeld, R.S. and L.L. Klosterman. 1986. Demographic
substructure in a California vole population inhabiting a
patchy environment. J. Mamm. 67:693-704.
| food quality important, sexual differences. Support Anderson's
1980 "fried egg" model.
Otis, D.L., K.P. Burnham, G.C. White and D.R. Anderson. 1978.
Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal
populations. Wildlife Monogr. 62:1-135.
Owen, J.G. 1988. On productivity as a predictor of rodent and
carnivore diversity. Ecology 69:1161-1165.
Packer, C. 1985. Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance. Anim. Behav. 33:676-678.
|* criticism and rebuttle of Moore and Ali (1984)
Paine, R.T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. Am.
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Paine, R.T. 1984. Ecological determinism in the competition for
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coexistence of two species of Peromyscus in Vermont. J.
Mamm. 66:36-44.
|P. maniculatus gracilis, P leucopus noveboracensis. Pm uses
relatively open sites with large trees, Pl neg corr. with Pm and
uses more dense habitats. 88- 0.08 ha plots of 5 traps each.
Discrim analysis. Use standardized coefficients for
interpretation!!!!
Parsons, P.A. 1983. The evolutionary biology of colonizing
species. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 262 pp.
Patterson, C. (ed.) 1987. Molecules and morphology in evolution:
conflict or compromise? Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
x+229 p.
| compare phylogenies derived from molecular and morph. data with
various results (many mol. no better than morph.) Review by
Simberloff Ecology 69:552-553
Pearl, M.C. and S.R. Schulman. Techniques for the analysis of
social structure in animal societies. Adv. Stud. Behav.
13:107-146.
|* Blockmodels
Pearson, P.G. 1959. Small mammals and old field succession on the
piedmont of New Jersey. Ecology 40:249-255.
| limited trapping study. Peromyscus Aster, forbs areas .
Microtus in broomsedge.
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110:1-12.
|*
Peters, R.H. and J.V. Raelson. 1984. Relations between individual
size and mammalian population density. Amer. Nat. 124:498-
517.
Petticrew, B.G. and R.M.F.S. Sadleir. 1974. The ecology of the
deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus in a coastal coniferous
forest. I. Population dynamics. Can. J. Zool. 52:107-118.
|* 3 1ha grids in conifer forest. 1) mature 2)cut 3) plantation
except for #3 breeding times and densities comparable Theorize:
male aggression limits number of male juveniles. females limited
by length of non-breeding season. cited as dispersal theory
Pfeifer, S.R. 1982. Disappearance and dispersal of Spermophilus
elegans juveniles in relation to behavior. Behav. Ecol.
Sociobiol. 10:237-243.
Pianka, E.R. 1974. Niche overlap and diffuse competition. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 71:2141-2145.
|*
Pimm, S.L. and M.L. Rosenzweig. 1981. Competitors and habitat
use. Oikos 37:1-6.
Pimm, S.L., M.L. Rosenzweig and W. Mitchell. 1985. Competition
and food selection: field tests of a theory. Ecology 66:798-
807.
|Hummingbirds, foraging theory, graphical model, density
dependent patch use, experimental manipulations, removals.
Platt, J.R. 1964. Strong inference. Science 146:347-353.
| Scientific method
Pokko, J. 1981. Distribution, demography and dispersal of the
field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.) in the Tvarminne
archipelago, Finland. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 164:1-48.
| 71 islands <1-26 ha, immigration, extinction. On small islands
(<=1 ha) 88 of 1037 marked individuals changed islands, 3 twice.
Some crossed up to .5 km of open water. Tended to go from small
islands to large ones. Only 10 of 1138 marked indiv. from larger
islands changed islands. Inter-island dispersers had almost even
sex ratio. On large (26 ha) Storlandet island of 887 marked, 117
known to have moved off 3.2 ha study site but only 4 off island.
Mainly moved in fall into woodland/shrub habitats. Some evidence
fo reverse migration in spring. Mainly males for intra-island
movement.
Pollock, K.H. 1982. A capture-recapture design robust to unequal probability of capture. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 46:757-760.
| density estimation
Pomerantz, M.J. 1981. Do higher-order interactions in competition
really exist? Am. Nat. 117:583-591.
Porter J.H. and R.D. Dueser. 1982. Niche overlap and competition
in an insular small mammal fauna: a test of the niche
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Porter, J.H. 1979. Competition, habitat selection, and their
relation to small mammal community structure. M.S. Thesis,
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Porter, J.H. 1985. SAS Short Course Notes. pp. 17.
|*
Porter, J.H. and R.D. Dueser. 1986. A test for suppression of
body growth and sexual maturity in small male meadow voles
(Microtus pennsylvanicus) in field enclosures. Am. Midl.
Nat. 115: 181-190.
|*
Porter, W.P. and P.A. McClure. 1984. Climate effects on growth
and reproduction potential in Sigmodon hispidus and
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|* statistics
Price, M.V. 1978. The role of microhabitat in structuring desert
rodent communities. Ecology 59:910-921.
|*
Price, M.V. and K.A. Kramer. 1984. On measuring microhabitat
affinities with special reference to small animals. Oikos
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Price, M.V. and N.M. Waser. 1984. On the relative abundance of
species: postfire changes in a coastal sage scrub rodent
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|habitat, relative abundances, compared with MacArthur theory.
Price, M.V. and N.M. Waser. 1985. Microhabitat use by hetermyid
rodents: effects of artificial seed patches. Ecology 66:211-
219.
Pye, T. 1984. Biology of the house mouse (Mus musculus) on
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Pyke, D.A. 1984. Initial effects of volcanic ash from Mount St. Helens on Peromyscus maniculatus and Microtus montanus. J.
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|slight eye damage and eye-lid swelling caused by ash
Pyke, D.A. and J.N. Thompson. 1986. Statistical analysis of
survival and removal rate experiments. Ecology 67:240-245.
Pyke, G.H. 1983. Animal movements: an optimal foraging approach.
In: The Ecology of Animal Movement. eds. I.R. Swingland and
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|* good critical review of optimal foraging applied to foraging
movements. When, Where and How to move.
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| moist open habitats.
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|experimental design? statistics?
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| matings between close relatives rare for both birds and
mammals. Need behavioral and genetic evidence.
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between sympatric species of Microtus: habitat preference
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|M. montanus (grass) and M. longicaudus (shrubs). M.m. males
exclude M.l. based on 1) habitat preference study
2) effect of early experience study
3) Arena encounters
little direct aggression
Competition -good paper
Randolf, S.E. 1977. Changing spatial relationships in a
population of Apodemus sylvaticus with the onset of
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|home range
Rasa, O.A.E. and H. van den Hoovel. 1984. Social stress in the
field vole: differential causes of death in relation to
behaviour and social structure. Z. Tierpsychol. 65:108-133.
Rayor, L.S. 1985. Effect of habitat quality on growth, age of
first reproduction, and dispersal in Gunnison prairie dogs
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Rebar, C. and W. Conley. 1983. Interactions in microhabitat use
between Dipodomys ordii and Onychomys leucogaster. Ecology 64:984-989.
Redfield, J.A., C.J. Krebs and M.J. Taitt. 1977. Competition
between Peromyscus maniculatus and Microtus townsendii in
grasslands of coastal British Columbia. J. Anim. Ecol.
46:607-616.
|Pero increase after Micro. removal. when Mt allowed back, Pm
decreased.
Redfield, J.A., M.J. Taitt and C.J. Krebs. 1978. Experimental
alterations of sex ratios in populations of Microtus
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Reich, L.M. and R.H. Tamarin. 1984. Social dynamics and multiple
capture trap associations of meadow voles (Microtus
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Reich, L.M. and R.H. Tamarin. 1980. Trap use as an indicator of
social behavior in mainland and island voles. Acta Ther.
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|shared trap analysis. most captures in pairs. Chi-square
analysis. More males and fewer females in joint captures.
Reproductive condition important. changes w/cycle phase.
Reich, L.M. and R.H. Tamarin. 1984. Multiple capture trap
associations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). J.
Mamm. 65:85-90.
Reich, L.M., K. Wood, B.E. Rothstein and R.H. Tamarin. 1982.
Aggressive behavior of male Microtus breweri and its
demographic implications. Anim. Behav. 30:117-122.
| Lab arena trials -- Weight and Repro condition good predictors
of aggressive behavior. Removal grid dispersal.
Reichman, O.J. 1979. Desert granivore foraging and its impact on
seed densities and distributions. Ecology 60:1085-1092.
| ants and rodents reduce seed concentrations, greatly reduce
densities but may not have entirely harmful effects by
promoting spacing of plants.
Reimer, J.D. and M.L. Petras. 1968. Some aspects of commensal
populations of Mus musculus in southwestern Ontario.
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Renzulli, C.B., J.F. Flowers, and R.H. Tamarin. 1981. The effects
of trapping design on demographic estimates in the meadow
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| Minimum for adequate trapping:(compare .4 vs .8 ha, 2, 4 & 6
week intervals and 7.6 and 15 m spacing).
Density - 6 week interval, 7.6 m spacing .4ha grid.
Lifespan- 4 week, .8ha or 2 week .4 ha
Body growth- 8 week .4 ha 15 m
Reynolds, H.T. 1977. The analysis of cross-classifications. Free Press. New York.
|statistics, contingency tables, chisquare, log-linear
Richmond, M. and R. Stehn. 1976. Olfaction and reproductive
behaviour in microtine rodents. In R.L. Doty (ed.).
Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes and Behavior.
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Ricklefs, R.E. 1972. Dominance and the niche in bird communities.
Am. Nat. 106:538-545.
|*
Riggs, L.A. 1979. Experimental studies of dispersal in the
california vole, Microtus californicus. Ph.D dissertation,
Univ. California, Berkeley. 237 p.
| chap 2. enclosures .134 ha. Dispersers enter corner exit traps.
replication = 2-3. dispersers random age. disp males more repro.
Frustrated dispersers had lower survival. Food, genetic analyses.
good general lit review.
Rissman, E.F., S.D. Sheffield, M.B. Kretzmann, J.E. Fortune and
R.E. Johnston. 1984. Chemical cues from families delay
puberty in male California voles. Biol. Reprod. 31:324-331.
|suppression
Robel, R.J., J.M. Brigg, A.D. Dayton and L.C. Hulbert. 1970.
Relationships between visual obstruction measurements and
weight of grassland vegetation. J. Range Management 23:295-
297.
|grass, habitat measurements
Roberts, A. 1974. The stability of a feasible random ecosystem.
Nature 251:607-608.
|*
Robinson, J.V. and J.E. Dickerson Jr. 1987. Does invaision
sequence affect community structure? Ecology 68:587-595.
|aquatic microcosms (400 ml). island biogeography. richness and
structure varied with sequence and rate of additions. priority
effects. community assembly rules, succession.
Robinson, J.V. and M.E. Edgemon. 1988. An experimental evaluation
of the effect of invasion history on community structure.
Ecology 69:1410-1417.
| lab phytoplankton. History (order of invasion) has largest
effects with low invais. rates (e.g., as in islands)
Roff, D.A. 1974. Spatial heterogeneity and the persistance of
populations. Oecologia (Berl.) 15:245-258.
|model. "Dispersal may increase the persistence time of a
population by several orders of magnitude".
Roff, D.A. 1974. The analysis of a population model demonstrating
the importance of dispersal in a heterogeneous environment. Oecologia (Berl.) 15:259-275.
|Population perspective (not individual). disp reduces variance
of environmental variation. Several models of dispersal compared.
Roff, D.A. 1975. Population stability and the evolution of
dispersal in a heterogeneous environment. Oecologia (Berl.)
19:217-237.
|Models. In heterogeneous habitat, selective advantage of
disperser highest under changing conditions, disp -->disadvantage
under stable conditions. Intermediate levels of disp gives the
most stable populations, but the populations are smaller than the
theoretical maximum.
Rogan, J.C., H.J. Keselman and J.L. Mendoza. 1979. Analysis of
repeated measurements. British J. of Math. and Stat. Psych.
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| ANOVA
Rood, R.H. and R. Boonstra. 1984. the spring decline in the
meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus: the effect of density.
Canadian J. Zool. 62:1464-1473.
Ropartz, P. 1977. Chemical signals in agonistic and social
behavior of rodents. pp. 169-184. In D. Muller-Schwartze and
M.N. Mozell (eds.) Chemical signals in vertibrates. Plenum
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Rose, R.K. 1979. Levels of wounding in the meadow vole, Microtus
pennsylvanicus. J. Mamm. 60:37-45.
|High level of aggression. 82% males, 57% females wounded. Most
in winter, less for abdominal male. small males less wounded.*
Rose, R.K. and A.M. Spevak. 1978. Aggressive behavior in two
sympatric microtine rodents. J. Mamm. 59:213-216.
|lab encounter, Microtus ochrogaster avoided by Synamptomys
cooperi (bog lemming)
Rose, R.K. and M.S. Gaines. 1976. Levels of aggression in
fluctuating populations of the prairie vole, Microtus
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Rose, R.K. and M.S. Gaines. 1978. The reproductive cycle of
Microtus ochrogaster in eastern Kansas. Ecol. Mongr. 48:21-
42.
Rose, R.K. and R.D. Dueser. 1980. Lifespan of Virginia meadow
voles.
|* Birdwood microtus pennsylvanicus
Rose, R.K. and R.D. Dueser. mss. Recruitment and immigration by
meadow voles: an alternative to the closed grid-population model.
|* dispersal, open grid vs closed grid model.
Rose, R.K. and W.D. Hueston. 1978. Wound healing in meadow voles. J. Mamm. 59:186-188.
|only 20% of wounds would be scored after 1 week
Rosenzweig, M.L. 1973. Habitat selection experiments with a pair
of coexisting heteromyid rodent species. Ecology 54:111-117.
Rosenzweig, M.L. 1974. On the evolution of habitat selection.
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|* niche
Rosenzweig, M.L. 1979. Optimal habitat selection in two-species
competitive systems. Fortschr. Zool. 25:283-293.
Rosenzweig, M.L. 1981. A theory of habitat selection. Ecology
62:327-335.
Rosenzweig, M.L. and Z. Abramsky. 1980. Microtine cycles: the
role of habitat heterogeneity. Oikos 34:141-146.
|strong selection to locate food resources. immigration may be
more important then emigration in the development of cycles
(from Cockburn 1988)
Rosenzweig, M.L., P.W. Sterner. 1970. Population ecology of
desert rodent communities: body size and seed-husking as
bases for heteromyid coexistance. Ecology 51:217-224.
| lab study using commercial seeds. Speed pos. corr. wght. but
metabolic factors make smaller animals more efficient. Seed
husking ability and specialization doesn't appear to be important
in allowing coexistance in their study -- all would favor the
same seeds.
Rosenzweig, M.L., Z. Abramsky and S. Brand. 1984. Estimating
species interactions in heterogenous environments. Oikos
43:329-340.
|critical of competition-regression
Rosenzweig, M.L., Z. Abramsky, B. Kotler and W. Mitchell. 1985.
Can interaction coefficients be determined from census data?
Oecologia (Berlin) 66:194-198.
| regression estimates of competition biased by abundance.
inconsistent with different habitat measures etc. *
Rotenberry, J.T. and J.A. Wiens. 1980. Habitat structure,
patchiness, and avian communities in North American steppe
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|*
Roth, V.L. and M.S. Klein. 1986. Maternal effects on body size of
large insular Peromyscus maniculatus: evidence from embryo
transfer experiments. J. Mamm. 67:37-45.
|island
Roudebush, R.E. and D.H. Taylor. 1987. Behavioral interactions
between tow desmognathine salamader species: importance of competition and predation. Ecology 68:1453-1458.
Roughgarden, J. 1976. Resource partitioning among competing
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|* niche overlap
Roughgarden, J. 1983. Competition theory in community ecology.
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Roughgarden, J. and J. Diamond. 1986. Overview: the role of
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Relationship between eye lens weight and age in the wild
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Benefits may outweigh costs. Anim. Behav. 34:939
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|* peromyscus leucopus
Rummel, . 1979. Preliminary descriptive and vector concepts.
chapter in Applied Factor Analysis. Northwestern Univ.
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|* statistics, linear algebra matricies, eigenvalues.
Ryan, B.F., B.L. Joiner and T.A. Ryan, Jr. 1985. Minitab
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| statistics, computers
Sadleir, R.M.F.S. 1965. The relationship between agonistic
behaviour and population changes in the deermouse,
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352.
|* "Both the field and maze experiments indicate strongly that
adults are usually intolerant of juveniles during the breeding
season, and will drive them out of their home areas." "It seems
unlikely that a juvenile born early in the summer could survive
without a home range until autumn."
Sadleir, R.M.F.S. 1974. The ecology of the deer mouse, Peromyscus
maniculatus in a coastal coniferous forest. II.
Reproduction. Can. J. Zool. 52:119-131.
|* 3 populations in different habitats had sychronous breeding
seasons, although there were major differences between years.
no relationship between density and timing of reproduction or
paracitism.
Sadleir, R.M.F.S., K.D. Casperson and J. Harling. 1973. Intake
and requirements of energy and protein for the breeding of wild deermice, Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner). J. Anim.
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|food
Safina, C. and J. Burger. 1985. Comnon tern foraging: Seasonal
trends in prey fish densities and competition with bluefish.
Ecology 66:1457-1463.
| fish- bird interactions
Safriel, U.N. and U. Ritte. 1983. Universal correlates of
colonizing ability. In: The Ecology of Animal Movement.
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Saitoh, T. 1981. Control of female maturation in high density
populations of the red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus
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| 2x0.5 ha enclosures in woodland. 2 treats. 1-overwinter
females, 2-no overwinter females. Spring born females delayed
maturation when overwintered fem. present. survival for spring
born = across treats. Most sites had only 1 mature female
captured. Spring Born females overlapped more. initial and peak
density 98/ha*
Sale, P.F. 1974. Overlap in resource use, and interspecific
competition. Oecologia (Berl.) 17:245-256.
|* natural selection favors less overlap
Sanchez, J.C. and O.J. Reichman. 1987. The effects of
conspecifics on caching behavior of Peromyscus leucopus. J.
Mamm. 68:695-697.
|lab. mice in separate cages exposed to odor or sight and odor.
Isolated mice cached less food.
Sauer, J.R. and N.A. Slade. 1986. Field-determined growth rates
of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster): observed patterns
and environmental attributes. J. Mamm. 67:61-68.
|body weight growth rates negatively corr. with population size,
pos. with temperature, precip., daylength. Suggest weight
suppression.
Sauer, J.R. and N.A. Slade. 1987. Uinta ground squirrel
demography: is body mass a better categorical variable than
age? Ecology 68:642-650.
|use mass instead of age in demographic matrix population analysis
Savidge, I.R. 1973. A stream as a barrier to homing in Peromyscus
leucopus. J. Mamm. 46:641-646.
| swimming, dispersal?
Savidge, I.R. 1974. Social factors in dispersal of deer mice
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|* Pm bairdii. lab study measured movement across electrically
charged grid. "aggressive" females increased rate of departure of previous litter - "nonaggressive" did not.
Schadler, M.H. 1985. Strange males cause death or suppression of
growth in infant pine voles, Microtus pinetorum. J. Mamm.
66:387-390.
Schaffer, W.M. 1985. Order and chaos in ecological systems.
Ecology 66:93-106.
Schaffer, W.M. 1985. Order and chaos in ecological systems.
Ecology 66:93-106.
|attractors, stability, cyles. lynx hare examined.
Schall, J.J. and E.R. Pianka 1978. Geographical trends in numbers
of species. Science 201:679-686.
|diversity gradient, few trends in Australia compared to U.S.
Schantz, T. von. 1981. Female cooperation, male competition, and
dispersal in the red fox Vulpes vulpes. Oikos 37:63-68.
Schantz, T. von. 1984. 'Non-breeders' in the red fox Vulpes
vulpes: a case of resource surplus. Oikos 42:59-65.
| when prey (rabbits) abund., many females breed. When scarce,
only 1 per group breed. production/female greater when low num.
of non breeders (no "helpers"). Kinship groups evolve due to
periodic surpluses of food.
Schantz, T. von. 1984. Spacing strategies, kin selection, and
population regulation in altricial vertibrates. Oikos 42:48-
58.
|Theory: OBSTINATE strategy--> maintain large terr. size even
when abundant resources. Not stable except when can use extra
res. perhaps by allowing nonbreeding offspring to share
territory. Won't work if lifespan < environmental cycle. -->
Buffered pop. size. VS FLEXIBLE --> change terr. size to match
res.
Schloyer, C.R. 1984. Ecological relationships of sympatric
Peromyscus in western Massachusetts. Diss. Abstr. Int. B.
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|P. leucopus noveboracensis and P. maniculatus gracilis.
microhabitat analysis. Discrim anal. Pm signif more vege > 1m.
Ground and arboreal traps.
Schoener, A. and T.W. Schoener. 1984. Experiments on dispersal:
short term flotation of insular anoles, with a review of
similar abilities in other terrestrial animals. Oecologia
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Schoener, T.W. 1972. Mathematical ecology and its place among the
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Schoener, T.W. 1974. Resource partitioning in ecological
communities. Science 185: 27-39.
Schoener, T.W. 1974. The compression hypothesis and temporal
resource partitioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:4169-
4172.
| simple math model. partitioning most common by
habitat>food>time. Value of food item is not changed by
competition, value of habitat type and time are affected.
Schoener, T.W. 1982. The controversy over interspecific
competition. Amer. Sci. 70: 586-595.
Schoener, T.W. 1983. Field experiments on interspecific
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|* extensive review of comp. experiments.
Schoener, T.W. 1986. When should a field experiment be counted?:
a reply to Galindo and Krebs. Oikos 46:119-121.
|enclosure size mainly critical for density problems.
Psuedoreplication issue discussed.
Schoener, T.W. and A. Schoener. 1983. Time to extinction of a
colonizing propagule of lizards increases with island area.
Nature 302: 332-334.
Schoener, T.W., J. Roughgarden and T. Fenchel. 1986. The body-
size--prey-size hypothesis: a defense. Ecology 67:260-261.
Schroder, G.D. and M.L. Rozenzweig. 1975. Perturbation analysis
of competition and overlap in habitat utilization between
Dipodomys ordii and Dipodomys merriami. Oecologia (Berl.)
19: 9-28.
|*
Schultz, E.F. and J.T. Tapp. 1973. Olfactory control of behaviour
in rodents. Psych. Bull. 79:21-44.
|scent. Review of psych lab work. intra and inter-specific,
environmental odors.
Seagle, S.W. 1984. Habitat availability and animal community
characteristics. Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 44:2985.
Seagle, S.W. 1985. Patterns of small mammal microhabitat
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| Ochrotomys nuttalli, Peromyscus leucopus, Blarina brevicauda.
P.l. microhabitat generalist. Pl. sexes occupied different habs.
in forest, but not glade. female Pl used better cover.
discriminant anal. includes analysis of capture vs no-capture
sites.
Seagle, S.W. and G.F. McCracken. 1986. Species abundance, niche
position, and niche breadth for five terrestrial animal
assemblages. Ecology 67:816-818.
|niche pattern, non-artifactual relationship between niche position and abund. using both weighted and unweighted analyses.
No sig. corr. with niche breadth.
Sealander, J.A. Jr. 1951. Survival of Peromyscus in relation to
enviromental temperature and acclimation at high and low
temperatures. Am. Midl. Nat. 46:257-311.
Sebens, K.P. 1982. The limits to indeterminate growth: an optimal
size model applied to passive suspension feeders. Ecology
63:209-222.
|mercer award
Seifert, R.P. (1975). Clumps of Heliconia as Ecological Islands.
Ecology 56: 1416-1422.
| Finds little effect of isolation. Thinks habitat
heterogeneity is more important than competition for common
resources in determining species richness. Finds that in
larger clumps common herbivores increase in abundance much
more quickly than new species invade (eveness decreases w/
size).
Selander, R.K. 1970. Behavior and genetic variation in natural
populations. Am. Zool. 10:53-66.
Selander, R.K. and D.W. Kaufman. 1975. Genetic structure of
populations of the brown snail (Helix aspersa). I.
Microgeographic variation. Evolution 29:385-401.
|* genetic drift
Shammas, N.C. 1988. Personal REXX. Byte 13(1):167-177.
|review. batch files, language, software, pc
Shammas, N.C. 1988. Personal REXX. Byte 13(1):167-177.
|review. language, software, pc
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Mamm. 46:336-337.
Sheppe, W. 1965. Island populations and gene flow in the deer
mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. Evolution 19:480-495.
Sheppe, W. 1967. Habitat restriction by competitive exclusion in
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| competition. P. oreas excluded P. maniculatus from ravine
floor. *
Sherman, P.W. 1977. Nepotism and the evolution of alarm calls.
Science 197:1246-1253.
| groups, kin selection, sociobiology, small mammals. Belding
ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). Sedentary females give
more alarm calls than mobile males. Females with relatives more
than females without relatives.
Shields, W.M. 1982. Philopatry, inbreeding and the evolution of sex. State Univ. New York Press, Albany, 245 pp.
| dispersal, inbreeding theory - some inbreeding good and
promoted
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|* dispersal, inbreeding theory - some good, can get kin
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|*
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|*
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| immigrants -sexes same- Juvenile more than adults
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|*
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|*
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| r- K- selection vs bet hedging
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|*
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|trained red tailed hawk attacks on chipmunks, rabbits,
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|peromyscus maniculatus bairdii
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|* 18,546 sq cm lab enclosures. 1 each sex sib in no-contact cage
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| general review
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|*
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| seed retrieval in arenas
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| Behavioral arena trials. PCA used to get index of aggression.
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| Radiotelemetry - spatial overlap --> social relations
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| 1 acre enclo. Mp low high temp. tol. (34-39oC) same for Sh.
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|Habitat- Zapus likes better cover but no relation to soil water
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| *
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|*
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| diversity (H') corr. with rainfall and productivity. Cricetids
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|temporal variability
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|*
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| temporal variability
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| Birds within single habitat type (results may be restricted due
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|site-fidelity of organisms and large scale of population
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| Suppression
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| statistics
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|peromyscus
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|lab study: Ha: Infant meadow voles experience less body contact
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|rearing behavior. Microtus.
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|*
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|*
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|* comparison of immigration, reproduction, lifespan, survival.
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|* lab experiment. maternal females protected young successfully
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|* also mss. No big treatment (removal, food, control) effects.
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|* isotopes used to id young of 18 specific mothers. mean
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|*
Wolff, J.O. and R.D. Guthrie. 1985. Why are aquatic small mammals
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|* fish predation selects for large, avian predation selects for
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|radiotelemetry, habitat. large dead trees mostly.
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|*
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|*
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|Mt. Lake
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|* 80% dispersal. Inbreeding < 3%. Support inbreeding avoidance
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Wondolleck, J.T. 1978. Forage-area separation and overlap in
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| Dyed seeds and placed in different habitats then looked at
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Wright, S.J. 1980. Density compensation in Island Avifaunas.
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Wrobel, D.J., W.F. Gergits and R.G. Jaeger. 1980. An experimental
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Wuensch, K.L. 1982. Effect of scented traps on captures of Mus
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|Wood chips from cages of Dominent and submissive male M.m. used
to scent traps. M.m. males-> dom. scent/clean
M.m. females -> submis./clean
P.m. males -> scented P.m. females -> clean
Suggest Pm males attracted to Mm in order to pursue them
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| Peromyscus leucopus, Clethrionomys gapperi, Microtus
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Microhabitat analysis (seems routine)
Yahner, R.H. 1986. Microhabitat use by small mammals in even-aged
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|Peromyscus leucopus least selective. Clethrionomys gapperi most
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| indirect interactions (competition) means "the outcomes of
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need magnitudes of coefficients, not just sign. food webs.
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| low altitude less predictable, more food. High altitude more
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|Cichla top predatory bass introduced. territorial - spreads in
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effects where one fish (Melaniris) had caused equilibrium between two forms of plankton through differential predation. When Mel.
decr. so did one form of zooplankton. Also rise in
mosquitos(weaker data). Birds of prey reduced (fewer small fish).
More large zooplankton - reduced phytoplankton.
Zegers, D.A., A.J. Antipas and J.F. Merritt. 1984 mss. Tree use
by Peromyscus leucopus in a sugar maple forest.
|* for info only. Do not cite. used larger trees. arboreal
Zegers, D.A., and J.F. Merritt. 1988. Adaptations of Peromyscus
for winter survival in an Appalachian montane forest. J.
Mamm. 69:516-523.
Zeng, Z. and J.H. Brown. 1987. A method for distinguishing
dispersal from death in mark-recapture studies. J. Mamm.
68:656-665.
| Area-ratio method: estimate how many animals would move off
grid, based on normal on grid movements, relative to actual
disappearance rate. Variances.
Zeng, Z. and J.H. Brown. 1987. Population ecology of a desert
rodent: Dipodomys merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert. Ecology
68:1328-1340.
|dispersal rates vs death and distance. Frequent Adult disp. (75%
of males and 59% of females observed over 4 mo moved). Long
survival (3.5 yr), slow body growth
Zimmerman, E.G. 1965. A comparison of habitat and food of two
species of Microtus. J. Mamm. 46:605-612.
|Food. Indiana study. stomache content analysis--M.
pennsylvanicus mainly in grassy field (>50% grass) Poa and
Muhlenbergia. Tables by plant species - also 3.6% insect. some
species not eaten (Aster, Solidago, Bromus, Ambrosia). some
species eated more often ( Rumex, Medicago, Erigeron,
Chenopodium, Oxalis) than found in field.