Abele, L.G. and K. Walters. 1979. The stability-time hypothesis: Н
     reevaluation of the data. Am. Nat. 114:559-568.
|Reanalyze data of Saunders (1968 am nat 102). Reject many Н
assumptions - still get deep sea > estuaries. Species-area Н
relationship may explain. Questions usefulness of st-time hypo.

Abrahamson, W.G. and M. Gadgil.  1973.  Growth form and Н
reproductive effort in goldenrods (Solidago, Compositae).  The Н
American Naturalist 107: 651-661.

Abrams, M.D. and M.L. Scott.  1989.  Disturbance-mediated Н
accelerated succession in two michigan forest types.  Forest Н
Science 35: 42-49.
| - history of forest gap disturbance and fire lit. - late Н
succession sp. recolonised gaps because able to sprout

Abrams, M.D., D.G. Sprugel and D.I Dickmann.  1985.  Multiple Н
successional pathways on recently disturbed jack pine sites in Н
Michigan.  Forest Ecology and Management 10: 31-48.

Abugov, R.  1982.  Species diversity and phasing of disturbance.  Н
Ecology 63: 289-293.

Acevedo L., M.F.  1981.  On Horn's Markovian model of forest Н
dynamics with particular reference to tropical forests.  Н
Theoretical Population Biology 19: 230-250.

Agur, Z.  1985.  Randomness, synchrony and population Н
persistence.  Journal of Theoretical Biology 112: 677-693.
| non-spatial model.  when frequency of disturbance is small the Н
time to extinction decreases with increasing duration of Н
disturbance.  when frequency of disturbance is large the opposite Н
is true.  distribution of time interval between disturbances Н
changes the outcome.  increasing the number of the sources of Н
variation - increases uncertainty - increases stability of Н
population trajectory.

Agur, Z. and J.L. Deneubourg.  1985.  The effect of environmental Н
disturbances on the dynamics of marine intertidal populations.  Н
Theoretical Population Biology 27: 75-90.
| model to look at effect of changing the duration of a Н
nonreproductive, disturbance-resistant life history stage on Н
population dynamics.  minimum extinction time when ratio between Н
duration of resistant stage and duration of disturbance is an Н
integer - result strongest when intrinsic growth rate and Н
disturbance frequency are large and when variance in disturbance Н
duration and in duration of resistant stage not too large.  Agur Н
(1985: J. Theor. Biol.) shows that distribution of disturbance Н
intervals can change simulation results.  Increase in extinction Н
time with increasing number of patches.К
Ahmad, S. (ed.)  1983.  Herbivorous insects: host-seeking Н
behaviour and mechanisms.  Academic Press, Toronto.

Alexander, H.M. and J. Antonovics.  1988.  Disease spread and Н
population dynamics of anther-smut infection of Silene alba Н
caused by the fungus Ustilago violacea.  Journal of Ecology 76: Н
91-104.
| Model to determine effects of plant recruitment and disease Н
spread on fate of infected populations.  Either elimination of Н
the fungus, coexistence of plant and fungus, or local extinction Н
of both organisms could occur.

Alexander, R.D. and G. Borgia.  1978.  Group selection, altruism, Н
and the levels of organization of life.  Annual Review of Ecology Н
and Systematics 9: 449-474.

Allometric simulation models.  Chapter 12 in Peters' book on body Н
size.

Andersen, A.N.  1988.  Dispersal distance as a benefit of Н
myrmecochory.  Oecologia 75: 507-511.
| ants that help defend plants: dispersal curve was characterised Н
by a narrow peak and a long tail - shown by Green (1983) to be Н
optimal when safe sites for seedling establishment are rare

Anderson, M.  The spread of plant populations into empty Н
habitats:  the theory of wind-dispersal.
|ms from 1986

Anderson, P.K. mss. Dispersal in rodent populations: Alternative Н
     evolutionary mechanisms and their implications.
|* Resident and Emigrant fitness hypotheses. Rejects hyp. that Н
emigrants increase fitness by moving. Proposes that residents Н
force emigration by offspring. Under theory res. males should Н
force out sons (potential competitors for matings, and potential Н
for "jackpot" elsewhere).  Females should only force out Н
offspring when food (space) resources limited and then sons Н
followed by daughters. 

Andren, H.  1989.  Predation processes in fragmented boreal Н
forest landscapes.  Acta Universitatus Upsaliensis 201, Uppsala.
| - prey in forest have increased predation from pred in farmland Н
- vole, grouse and hare (prey) fluctuate in synchrony in cont Н
forest, but asynchronously in non-cont forest - latter due to Н
increased density of generalist predators and reduction in Н
amplitude in vole pop fluct - stabilized pred pressure on hare Н
and grouse - landscape alteration may have large effect on pred-Н
prey relationships

Aquadro, C.F. and C.W. Kilpatrick.  Morphological and biochemical Н
variation and differentiation in insular and mainland deer mice Н
(Peromyscus maniculatus).  In:  M.H. Smith and J. Joule (eds.).  Н
Mammalian population genetics.  University of Georgia Press, НКAthens.
| - no concordance between biochemical (electrophoretic) and Н
morphological data - reduced variability in island populations - Н
related to distance from mainland

Archer, S., C Scifres, C.R. Bassham and R. Maggio.  1988.  Н
Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of Н
grassland to thorn woodland.  Ecological Monographs 58: 111-128.
| mesquite plants invaded grasslands and served as recruitment Н
foci for bird-disseminated seeds of other woody species Н
previously restricted to other habitats.  Woody plant community Н
development has been highly puntuated by variations in Н
precipitation 

Armstron, R.A.  1982.  The effects of connectivity on community Н
stability.  American Naturalist 120: 391-402.

Armstrong, R.A.  1976.  Fugitive species: experiments with fungi Н
and some theoretical considerations.  Ecology 57: 953-963.

Armstrong, R.A. 1976. Fugative species: Experiments with fungi Н
     and some theoretical considerations. Ecology 57:953-963.
|Coexistance where all patch types (bare to old) present at same Н
time. No coexistence in "annual" system where all patches at same Н
developmental level. estimates "Coexistance bandwidth"

Atkinson, W.D. and B. Shorrocks.  1981.  Competition on a divided Н
and ephemeral resource:  a simulation model.  Journal of Animal Н
Ecology 50:461-471.

Augspurger, C.K.  1983.  Offspring recruitment around tropical Н
trees:  changes in cohort distance with time.  Oikos 40:189-196.

August, P.V. 1983. The role of habitat complexity and Н
     heterogeneity in structuring tropical mammal communitities. Н
     Ecology 64:1495-1507.
|rain forest

Ayal, Y. and U.N. Safriel.  1982.  r-Curves and the cost of the Н
planktonic stage.  The American Naturalist 119: 391-401.

Baird, D. and R.E. Ulanowicz.  The seasonal dynamics of the Н
Chesapeake Bay ecosystem.  1988 ms. (Ecological Monographs ?)

Baker, H.G.  1974.  The evolution of weeds.  Annual Review of Н
Ecology and Systematics 5:1-24.

Baker, R.R.  1983.  Insect territoriality.  Annual Review of Н
Entomology 28: 65-89.

Baker, R.R.  1984.  The dilemma: when and how to go or stay.  In: Н
The biology of butterflies.  Academic Press, London.

Baker, R.R. 1982. Migration: paths through time and space. Holmes НК     and Meier Publ. Inc. New York. pp. 248.
| text book.  review of dispersal meanings.

Baker, W.L.  1989.  Landscape ecology and nature reserve design Н
in the boundary waters canoe area, Minnesota.  Ecology 70: 23-35.

Band, L.E. and E.F. Wood.  Strategies for large-scale, Н
distributed hydrologic simulation.  Applied Mathematics and Н
Computation 27: ?

Bazzazz, F.A.  1983.  Characteristics of populations in relation Н
to disturbance in natural and man-modified ecosystems.  In:  H.A. Н
Mooney and M. Godron (eds.).  Disturbance and ecosystems.  Н
Springer-Verlag, New York.

Beck, M.B.  1982.  Identifying models of environmental systems' Н
behaviour.  Mathematical Modelling 3: 467-480.

Bender, E.A., T.J. Case and M.E. Gilpin.  1984.  Perturbation Н
experiments in community ecology:  theory and practice.  Ecology Н
65: 1-13.

Bertness, M.D. and T. Miller.  1984.  The distribution and Н
dynamics of Uca pugnax (Smith) burrows in a New England salt Н
marsh.  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology ?: Н
211-237.

Beven, K.  1987.  Towards a new paradigm in hydrology.  Water for Н
the Future: Hydrology in Perspective (Proceedings of the Rome Н
Symposium, April 1987). IAHS Publ. no. 164.

Biermann, G.C. and S.G. Sealy.  1985.  Seasonal dynamics of body Н
mass of insectivorous passerines breeding on the forested dune Н
ridge, Delta Marsh, Manitoba.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: Н
1675-1682.

Biswas, A.K.  1975.  Mathematical modelling and environmental Н
decision-making.  Ecological Modelling 1: 31-48.

Boecklen, W.J.  1986.  Effects of habitat heterogeneity on the Н
species-area relationships of forest birds.  Journal of Н
Biogeography 13: 59-68.

Bonan, G.B.  1988.  The size structure of theoretical plant Н
populations: spatial patterns and neighbourhood effects.  Ecology Н
69: 1721-1730.

Box, G.E.P. and N.R. Draper.  1987.  Empirical model-building and Н
response surfaces.  Wiley, Toronto. 

Boyer, J.F.  1979.  The terminology of Markov chains.  Journal of Н
Theoretical Biology 78: 443-447.

Bradley, R.A.  1983.  Complex food webs and manipulative НКexperiments in ecology.  Oikos 41: 150-152.

Brandt, S.B. and M.E. McDonald.  1987.  Homage to speculation: Н
putting fun back into science.  BioScience ?: 771.

Brandt, S.B. and V.A. Wadley.  1981.  Thermal fronts as ecotones Н
and zoogeographic barriers in marine and freshwater systems.  Н
Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 11: 13-26.

Briales, M.J. and M. Campos.  1988.  Analysis of the spatial Н
distribution of the various stages of Saissetia oleae oliv. on Н
olive trees in Granada Spain.  Journal of Applied Entomology 105: Н
28-34.
| distributed in colonies because (i) mass deposition of eggs and Н
(ii) limited mobility of subsequent stages.  No density Н
dependence of dispersal

Brown, J.H.  1981.  Two decades of Homage to Santa Rosalia:  Н
toward a general theory of diversity.  American Zoologist 21: Н
877-888.

Brown, J.R. and S. Archer.  1987.  Woody plant seed dispersal and Н
gap formation in a North American subtropical savanna woodland:  Н
the role of domestic herbivores.  Vegetatio 73: 73-80.

Brown, J.R. and S. Archer.  1988.  Woody plant seed dispersal and Н
gap formation in a North American subtropical savanna woodland: Н
the role of domestic herbivores.  Vegetatio 73: 73-80.
| gaps caused by dung deposited by cattle, vegetation colonizing Н
gaps consisted primarily of grasses not found in the surrounding Н
vegetation.

Buechner, M.  1987.  A geometric model of vertebrate dispersal:  Н
tests and implications.  Ecology 68: 310-318.

Burgess, R.L.  1988.  Community organization:  effects of Н
landscape fragmentation.  Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 2687-Н
2690.
| - feels that problems related to dispersal are paramount to Н
understanding the effects of fragmentation

Burrough, P.A.  1986.  Principles of geographical information Н
systems for land resource assessment.  Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Cale, W.G.  1988.  Characterizing populations as entities in Н
ecosystem models: problems and limitations of mass-balance Н
modeling.  Ecological Modelling 42: 89-102.
| - can not use mass-balance models with populations as state Н
variables - suggest describing populations using probability Н
density functions

Cale, W.G. Jr., R.V. O'Neill and H.H. Shugart.  1983.  Н
Development and application of desirable ecological models.  Н
Ecological Modelling 18: 171-186.К
Cappuccino, N. and P. Kareiva.  1985.  Coping with a capricious Н
environment:  a population study of a rare pierid butterfly.  Н
Ecology 66: 152-161.

Carlile, D.W., J.R. Skalski, J.E. Batker and J.M. Thomas.  Н
Determination of ecological scale.
|ms I reviewed for Ecology in 1988

Casey, R.M. and D.A. Jameson.  1988.  Parallel and vector Н
processing in landscape dynamics.  Applied Mathematics and Н
Computation 27: 3-22.

Casey, R.M. and D.A. Jameson.  1988.  Parallel and vector Н
processing in landscape dynamics.  Applied Mathematics and Н
Computation 27: ?

Caswell, H.  1985.  The evolutionary demography of clonal Н
reproduction.  In:  J.B.C. Jackson, L.W. Buss and R.E. Cook Н
(eds.).  Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms.  Н
Yale University.

Caswell, H.  1986.  Life cycle models for plants.  Lectures on Н
Mathematics in the Life Sciences 18: 171-233.

Caswell, H.  1988.  Theory and models in ecology: a different Н
perspective.  Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America ?: Н
102-109.

Caswell, H.  1988.  Theory and models in ecology: a different Н
perspective.  Ecological Modelling 43: 33-44.
| - parallels between theoretical and empirical research are more Н
profound than most people realize

Caswell, H.  1988.  Theory and models in ecology: a different Н
perspective.  Ecological Modelling 43: 33-44. 

Caswell, H.  1988.  Theory and models in ecology: a different Н
perspective.  Ecological Modelling, in press.

Caswell, H.  The validation problem.

Caswell, H. and D.E. Weeks.  1986.  Two-sex models: chaos, Н
extinction, and other dynamic consequences of sex.  American Н
Naturalist 128: 707-735.

Cattelino, P.J., I.R. Noble, R.O. Slatyer and S.R. Kessell.  Н
1979.  Predicting the multiple pathways of plant succession.  Н
Environmental Management 3: 41-50.
- vital attributes

Charnov, E.L. and W.M. Schaffer.  1973.  Life-history Н
consequences of natural selection: Cole's result revisited.  Н
American Naturalist 107: 791-793.К
Chesney, E.J. Jr. and K.R. Tenore.  1985.  Effects of predation Н
and disturbance on the population growth and dynamics of the Н
polychaete Capitella capitata (Type I).  Marine Biology 85: 77-Н
82.
| density-independent exploitation did not stabilize the Н
populations.  physical disturbance did stabilize the population.

Chesson, P. and N. Huntly.  1988.  Community consequences of Н
life-history traits in a variable environment.  Annales Zoologica Н
Fennici 25: 5-16.
| if organisms have traits that buffer them against disturbance Н
then disturbance will promote coexistence.  buffers are risk-Н
spreading traits such as dispersal or dormancy.  the benefit is Н
greatest for low-density species.  spatial and temporal Н
variability have the same effect.

Chesson, P.L.  1981.  Models for spatially distributed Н
populations:  the effect of within-patch variability.  Н
Theoretical Population Biology 19: 288-325.

Chesson, P.L.  1982.  The stabilizing effect of a random Н
environment.  Journal of Mathematical Biology 15: 1-36.

Chesson, P.L.  1984.  Persistence of a Markovian population in a Н
patchy environment.  Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie verw. Gebiete Н
66: 97-107.

Chesson, P.L.  1985.  Coexistence of competitors in spatially and Н
temporally varying environments: a look at the combined effects Н
of different sorts of variability.  Theoretical Population Н
Biology 28: 263-287.

Chesson, P.L. and W.M. Murdoch.  1986.  Aggregation of risk: Н
relationships among host-parasitoid models.  American Naturalist Н
127: 696-715.

Chew, F.S.  1981.  Coexistence and local extinction in two pierid Н
butterflies.  American Naturalist 118: 655-672.

Clobert, J., C.M. Perring, R.H. McCleery and A.G. Gosler.  1988.  Н
Survival rate in the great tit Parus major in relation to sex, Н
age and immigration status.  Journal of Animal Ecology 57: 287-Н
306.
| survival rates of immigrant males and resident females are Н
affected by different variables from those affecting resident Н
males and immigrant females

Coffin, D.P. and W.K. Lauenroth.  1988.  The effects of Н
disturbance size and frequency on a shortgrass plant community.  Н
Ecology 69: 1609-1617.
| - spatially explicit simulations to look at effects of three Н
scales of disturbance - fastest turnover rates for basal cover Н
were associated with the smallest and most frequent disturbance НКtype

Coffin, D.P. and W.K. Lauenroth.  1989.  Disturbances and gap Н
dynamics in a semiarid grassland:  a landscape-level approach.  Н
Landscape Ecology, in press. 

Cohen, J.E.  1972.  Markov population processes as models of Н
primate social and population dynamics.  Theoretical Population Н
Biology 3: 119-134.

Cole, L.C.  1954.  The population consequences of life history Н
phenomena.  The Quarterly Review of Biology 29: 103-137.

Collins, B.S. and T.A. Pickett.  1987.  Influence of canopy Н
opening on the environment and herb layer in a northern hardwoods Н
forest.  Vegetatio 70: 3-10.

Collins, S.L.  1987.  Interaction of disturbances in tallgrass Н
prairie:  a field experiment.  Ecology 68: 1243-1250.

Comins, H.N. and I.R. Noble.  1985.  Dispersal, variability, and Н
transient niches:  species coexistence in a uniformly variable Н
environment.  American Naturalist 126: 706-723.

Comins, H.N., W.D. Hamilton and R.M. May.  1980.  Evolutionarily Н
stable dispersal strategies.  Journal of theoretical Biology 82: Н
205-230.

Connell, J.H.  1980.  Diversity and the coevolution of Н
competitors, or the ghost of competition past.  Oikos 35: 131-Н
138.

Connor, E.F.  1986.  Time series analysis of the fossil record.  Н
In:  D.M. Raup and D. Jablonski (eds.).  Patterns and processes Н
in the history of life.  Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg.

Connor, E.F.  1988.  Fossils, phenetics, and phylogenetics: Н
inferring the historical dynamics of biogeographic distributions.  Н
Chapter 11 in Liebherr, J.K. (ed.).  Zoogeography of carribean Н
insects. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Connor, E.F. and D. Simberloff.  1979.  The assembly of species Н
communities:  chance or competition?  Ecology 60: 1132-1140.

Connor, E.F. and M.A. Bowers.  1987.  The spatial consequences of Н
interspecific competition.  Annales Zoologica Fennici 24: 213-Н
226.

Connor, E.F., S. H. Faeth and D. Simberloff.  1983.  Leafminers Н
on oak:  the role of immigration and in situ reproductive Н
recruitment.  Ecology 64: 191-204.

Cook, R.E.  1977.  Raymond Lindeman and the trophic-dynamic Н
concept in ecology.  Science 198: 22-26.К
Coulson, R.N., R.O. Flamm, P.E. Pulley, T.L. Payne, E.J. Rykiel Н
and T.L. Wagner.  1986.  Response of the Southern Pine Bark Н
Beetle guild (Coleoptera Scolytidae) to host disturbance.  Н
Environmental Entomology 15: 850-858.

Courtney, S.P.  1986.  The ecology of Pierid butterflies: Н
dynamics and interactions.  Advances in Ecological Research 15: Н
51-131.

Courtney, S.P.  1986.  Why insects move between host patches:  Н
some comments on 'risk-spreading'.  Oikos 47: 112-114.

De Jong, T.J. and P.G.L. Klinkhamer.  1988.  Population ecology Н
of the biennials Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale in a Н
coastal sand-dune area.  Journal of Ecology 76: 366-382.
| over 90 local populations, population reduction occurring due Н
to stochastic not systematic factors, dispersal rate low

DeAngelis, D.  A general model for evaluating disturbance effects Н
on landscapes (ms from 1987).

DeAngelis, D.L.  1975.  Stability and connectance in food web Н
models.  Ecology 56: 238-243.

DeAngelis, D.L.  1988.  Strategies and difficulties of applying Н
models to aquatic populations and food webs.  Ecological Н
Modelling 43: 57-73.
| - argues for an appropriate level of mechanistic detail in Н
models to make them better - believes that the current trend is Н
between analytical and large models, and is "toward incisive Н
models oriented around specific hypotheses that can be tested" - Н
for models to be truly predictive they must be based on a correct Н
identification of the mechanisms operating in a system - Н
"proliferation of a hopeless tangle of complex specific models at Н
the expense of general understanding would be disastrous" - need Н
to be connected by theoretical models with appropriate mechanisms

DeAngelis, D.L.  1988.  Strategies and difficulties of applying Н
models to aquatic populations and food webs.  Ecological Н
Modelling 43: 57-73. 

DeAngelis, D.L. and J.C. Waterhouse.  1987.  Equilibrium and Н
nonequilibrium concepts in ecological modelling.  Ecological Н
Monographs 57: 1-21.

DeAngelis, D.L., C.C. Travis and W.M. Post.  1979.  Persistence Н
and stability of seed-dispersed species in a patchy environment.  Н
Theoretical Population Biology 16: 107-125

DeAngelis, D.L., J.C. Waterhouse, W.M. Post and R.V. O'Neill.  Н
1985.  Ecological modelling and disturbance evaluation.  Н
Ecological Modelling 29: 399-419.
КDeAngelis, D.L., J.C. Waterhouse, W.M. Post and R.V. O'Neill.  Н
1985.  Ecological modelling and disturbance evaluation.  Н
Ecological Modelling 29: 399-419. 

Delcourt, H.R. and P.A. Delcourt.  1983.  Dynamic plant ecology:  Н
the spectrum of vegetational change in space and time.  Н
Quaternary Science Reviews 1: 153-175.

Delucchi, C.M.  1989.  Movement patterns of invertebrates in Н
temporary and permanent streams.  Oecologia 78: 199-207.
| - disturbance - movement patterns were different in temporary Н
and permanent streams, but not in such a way to improve chances Н
of avoiding dry areas of temporary streams

Dempster, J.P. and E. Pollard.  1981.  Fluctuations in resource Н
availability and insect populations.  Oecologia 50: 412-416.

Dempster, J.P. and E. Pollard.  1986.  spatial heterogeneity, Н
stochasticity and the detection of density dependence in animal Н
populations.  Oikos 46: 413-416

Den Boer, P.J.  1968.  Spreading of risk and stabilization of Н
animal numbers.  Acta Biotheoretica 18: 165-194.

Den Boer, P.J.  1981.  On the survival of populations in a Н
heterogeneous and variable environment.  Oecologia 50: 39-53.

Den Boer, P.J.  1985.  Fluctuations of density and survival of Н
carabid beetles.  Oecologia 67: 322-330.

Denno, R.F.  1985.  Fitness, population dynamics and migration in Н
planthoppers:  the role of host plants.  In:  Rankin, R.A. (ed.).  Н
Migration:  mechanics and adaptive significance.  Marine Science Н
Institute, Port Aransas, Texax.

Denslow, J.S.  1980.  Patterns of plant species diversity during Н
succession under different disturbance regimes.  Oecologia 46: Н
18-21.

Dickman, C.R.  1987.  Habitat fragmentation and vertebrate Н
species richness in an urban environment.  Journal of Applied Н
Ecology 24: 337-351.

Dolan, R., B. Hayden and C. Jones.  1979.  Barrier island Н
configuration.  Science 204: 401-403.

Dueser, R.D.  Habitat suitability for Delmarva fox squirrels.  Н
project report: 1987

Dyrness, C.T.  1973.  Early stages of plant succession following Н
logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon.  Ecology Н
54: 57-69.

Ehler, L.E., R.L. Bugg, M.B. Hertlein, H.P. Sauter and K. Н
Thorarinsson.  1987.  Patch-exploitation in an egg parasite of Н
elm leaf beetle.  Entomophaga 32: 233-239.
| - percent parasitism was density independent in most casesК
Ehrlich, P.R.  1984.  The structure and dynamics of butterfly Н
populations.  In:  The biology of butterflies.  Academic Press, Н
London.

Ehrlich, P.R., R.R. White, M.C. Singer, S.W. McKechnie and L.E. Н
Gilbert.  1975.  Checkerspot butterflies:  a historical Н
perspective.  Science 188: 221-228.

Ellner, S. and A. Shmida.  1981.  Why are adaptations for long-Н
range seed dispersal rare in desert plants?  Oecologia 51: 133-Н
144.

Engelberg, J. and L.L. Boyarsky.  1979.  The noncybernetic nature Н
of ecosystems.  American Naturalist 114: 317-324.

Erdelen, W.  1988.  Population dynamics and dispersal in three Н
species of Agamid lizards in Sri Lanka: Calotes calotes, Calotes Н
versicolor, and Calotes nigrilabris.  Journal of Herpetology 22: Н
42-52.
| Temporal fluctuations in populations related to precipitation.  Н
Population turnover rates due mainly to movement, not natality or Н
mortality.

Ezcurra, E. and C. Montana.  1984.  On the measurement of Н
association between plant species and environmental variables.  Н
Acta Oecologica/Oecologia Generalis 5: 21-33.

Fahrig, L.  1988.  Interacting effects of disturbance and Н
dispersal on individual selection and population stability.  Н
Comments on Theoretical Biology, in press.

Fahrig, L.  1988a.  Nature of ecological theories.  Ecological Н
Modelling 43: 129-132. 

Fahrig, L.  1988b.  A general model of populations in patchy Н
habitats.  Applied Mathematics and Computation 27: 53-66. 

Fahrig, L.  Dispersal mechanisms for population recovery from Н
disturbance.  In review (Oikos). 

Fahrig, L. and G. Merriam.  1985.  Habitat patch connectivity and Н
population survival.  Ecology 66: 1762-1768.

Fahrig, L. and J. Paloheimo.  1988.  Determinants of local Н
population size in patchy habitats.  Theoretical Population Н
Biology 34: 194-213. 

Farah, K.O., A.F. Tanaka and N.E. West.  1988.  Autecology and Н
population biology of dyers woad Isatis tinctoria.  Weed Science Н
36: 186-193.
| seed dispersal best described by a negative exponential model

Farah, K.O., A.F. Tanaka and N.E. West.  1988.  Autecology and НКpopulation biology of dyers woad Isatis tinctoria.  Weed Science Н
36: 186-193. 

Feinsinger, P., J.H. Beach, Y.B. Linhart, W.H. Busby and K.G. Н
Murray.  1987.  Disturbance, pollinator predictability, and Н
pollination success among Costa Rican cloud forest plants.  Н
Ecology 68: 1294-1305.
| hummingbirds are adapted to dealing with plants equally in Н
large gaps, small gaps and closed forest.

Feldman, M.W. and J. Roughgarden.  1975.  A population's Н
stationary distribution and chance of extinction in a stochastic Н
environment with remarks on the theory of species packing.  Н
Theoretical population biology 7: 197-207.

Fisher, S.G., L.J. Gray, N.B. Grimm, and D.E. Busch.  1982.  Н
Temporal succession in a desert stream ecosystem following flash Н
flooding.  Ecological Monographs 52: 93-110.
| - "succession" following flooding did not follow typical route Н
- because the environment is so unpredictable

Fleischer, S.J., M.J. Gaylor and N.V. Hue.  1988.  Dispersal of Н
Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) adults through cotton Н
following nursery host destruction.  Environmental Entomology 17: Н
533-541.
| dispersal adequately modelled as a diffusion process.  Н
Efficient use of habitat even when it exists as small patchy Н
refuges within cotton monocultures

Forman, R.T.T.  1986.  Emerging directions in landscape ecology Н
and applications in natural resource management.  Conference on Н
Science in the national parks.

Forman, R.T.T.  1987.  The ethics of isolation, the spread of Н
disturbance, and landscape ecology.  In: M.G. Turner (ed.).  Н
Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance.  Springer-Verlag, New Н
York.

Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron.  1986.  Landscape ecology.  John Н
Wiley and Sons, New York.

Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron.  1986.  Landscape ecology.  John Н
Wiley and Sons, New York. 

Fowler, C.W.  1988.  Population dynamics as related to rate of Н
increase per generation.  Evolutionary Ecology 2: 197-204.
| - inflection point of population growth curves declines with Н
increasing rate of population increase per generation

Fowler, C.W. and J.A. MacMahon.  1982.  Selective extinction and Н
speciation: their influence on the structure and functioning of Н
communities and ecosystems.  American Naturalist 119: 480-498.

Franklin, J.F. and R.T.T. Forman.  1987.  Creating landscape НКpatterns by forest cutting: ecological consequences and Н
principles.  Landscape Ecology 1: 5-18. 

Gadgil, M.  1971.  Dispersal:  population consequences and Н
evolution.  Ecology 52: 253-261.

Gadgil, M. and W.H. Bossert.  1970.  Life historical consequences Н
of natural selection.  The American Naturalist 104: 1-24

Gaedeke, A. and U. Sommer.  1986.  The influence of the frequency Н
of periodic disturbances on the maintenance of phytoplankton Н
diversity.  Oecologia 71: 25-28.

Gardner, M.R. and W.R. Ashby.  1970.  Connectance of large Н
dynamic (cybernetic) systems:  critical values for stability.  Н
Nature 228: 784.

Gardner, R.H., B.T. Milne, M.G. Turner and R.V. O'Neill.  1987.  Н
Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern.  Н
Landscape Ecology 1: 19-28.

Gaston, K.J.  1988.  Patterns in the local and regional dynamics Н
of moth populations.  Oikos 53: 49-57.
| 300 moth spp.  the most abundant species are the most variable and occur at Н
the greatest number of sites

Gaston, K.J. and J.H. Lawton.  1988.  Patterns in body size, Н
population dynamics, and regional distribution of bracken Н
herbivores.  American Naturalist 132: 662-680.
| - there is little prospect of constructing a working theory of Н
community structure via detailed, quantitative models of multi-Н
species assemblages - species of small body size are widely Н
distributed, more abundant, and have populations that fluctuate Н
more - locally abundant populations and widely fluctuating Н
populations are more widespread - small species tend to be host-Н
specific - small specialists have local populations that are Н
larger and more variable.

Gibson, D.J.  1989.  Effects of animal disturbanc on tallgrass Н
prairie vegetation.  American Midland Naturalist 121: 144-154.
| - study of 5 kinds of disturbance - annuals important on some Н
types, perennials on others - disturbance increases diversity

Gilbert, L.E. and M.C. Singer.  1973.  Dispersal and gene flow in Н
a butterfly species.  The American Naturalist 107: 58-72.
|- Euphydryas editha

Giles, B.E. and L.P. Lefkovitch.  1986.  A taxonomic Н
investigation of the Hordeum murinum complex (Poaceae).  Plant Н
Systematics and Evolution 153: 181-197.

Glazier, D.S.  1986.  Temporal variability of abundance and the Н
distribution of species.  Oikos 47: 309-314.
| the geographic range size of congeneric species of rodents and НКnoctuid moths is positively correlated with the amplitude of Н
fluctuation of their local popualations

Golley, F.B.  1987.  Introducing landscape ecology.  Landscape Н
Ecology 1: 1-3.
| - "landscape is a spatial concept, and clearly landscape Н
ecology has a particular interest in space" - landscape lends Н
itself to computer analysis and synthesis

Golley, F.B.  1987.  Introducing landscape ecology.  Landscape Н
Ecology 1: 1-3. 

Gossard, T.W. and R.E. Jones.  1977.  The effects of age and Н
weather on egg-laying in Pieris rapae L.  Journal of Applied Н
Ecology 14: 65-71.

Grebogi, C., E. Ott and J.A. Yorke.  1987.  Chaos, strange Н
attractors, and fractal basin boundaries in nonlinear dynamics.  Н
Science 238: 632-638.

Green, D.S.  1983.  The efficacy of dispersal in relation to safe Н
site density.  Oecologia 56: 356-358.
| 3 p. paper.  conceptual graphical model, non-spatial.  Н
decreasing safe site density requires increasing dispersal Н
distance.

Green, D.S.  1983.  The efficacy of dispersal in relation to safe Н
site density.  Oecologia 56: 356-358.
| when safe sites are rare, distributions of distances with long Н
tails are most efficaceous; when safe sites are more abundant, Н
distributions with broader peaks are more suitable.

Grime, J.P.  1979.  Plant strategies and vegetation processes.  Н
Wiley, Chichester.

Grossman, G.D., P.B. Moyle and J.O. Whitaker, Jr.  1982.  Н
Stochasticity in structural and functional characteristics of an Н
Indiana stream fish assemblage:  a test of community theory.  Н
American Naturalist 129: 423-454.

Grossman, G.D., P.B. Moyle and J.O. Whitaker, Jr.  1982.  Н
Stochasticity in structural and functional characteristics of an Н
Indiana stream fish assemblage: a test of community theory.  The Н
American Naturalist 120: 423-454.

Grover, J.P.  1988.  Dynamics of competition in a variable Н
environment:  experiments with two diatom species.  Ecology 69: Н
408-417.

Grubb, P.J.  1988.  The uncoupling of disturbance and Н
recruitment, two kinds of seed bank, and persistence of plant Н
populations at the regional and local scales.  Annales Zoologica Н
Fennici 25: 23-36.
| defines disturbance as mechanisms that destry plant biomass.  НКplants with recruitment highly coupled to disturbance - need Н
disturbance for regeneration.  plants with recruitment uncoupled Н
to disturbance - disturbance usually causes negative impact.  Н
examples are given.  "shifting clouds of abundance" for the Н
latter type - extreme case=local extinctions.

Grulke, N.E. and L.C. Bliss.  1988.  Comparative life history Н
characteristics of two high Arctic grasses, Northwest Н
Territories, Canada.  Ecology 69: 484-496.
| one is frequently disturbed and is wide ranging (i.e., is a Н
ruderal) while the other is stress-tolerant and is more scarce

Gurney, W.S.C. and R.M. Nisbet.  1975.  The regulation of Н
inhomogeneous populations.  Journal of theoretical Biology 52: Н
441-475.

Gurney, W.S.C. and R.M. Nisbet.  1976.  A note on non-linear Н
population transport.  Journal of theoretical Biology 56: 249-Н
251.

Gurney, W.S.C. and R.M. Nisbet.  1978.  Predator-prey Н
fluctuations in patchy environments.  Journal of Animal Ecology Н
47: 85-102.

Gurney, W.S.C. and R.M. Nisbet.  1978.  Single-species population Н
fluctuations in patchy environments.  American Naturalist 112: Н
1075-1090.

Hall, C.A.S.  1988.  An assessment of several of the historically Н
most influential theoretical models used in ecology and of the Н
data provided in their support.  Ecological Modelling 43: 5-31.
|  - "we should not use the words 'theoretical ecology' unless Н
the model has either passed some degree of validation vis-a-vis Н
nature or at least it is made very clear how such validation Н
might be attempted" - table of analytical tractability of models Н
- the majority of analytic models in ecology are almost Н
completely biotic - biotic interactions seem to be recalcitrant Н
to predictive models that are both general and accurate

Hall, C.A.S.  1988.  An assessment of several of the historically Н
most influential theoretical models used in ecology and of the Н
data provided in their support.  Ecological Modelling 43: 5-31. 

Hall, C.S. and D.L. DeAngelis.  Models in ecology:  paradigms Н
found or paradigms lost?

Halpern, C.B.  1988.  Early successional pathways and the Н
resistance and resilience of forest communities.  Ecology 69: Н
1703-1715.
| - residual species on relatively undisturbed sites, invading Н
species on moderately disturbed sites - resistance and resilience Н
strongly influenced by disturbance intensity - both deterministic Н
and stochastic factors must be considered in evaluating community Н
stability and response to disturbanceК
Hamilton, W.D. and R.M. May.  1977.  Dispersal in stable Н
habitats.  Nature 269: 578-581.

Hanski, I.  1982.  Dynamics of regional distribution:  the core Н
and satellite species hypothesis.  Oikos 38: 210-221.

Hanski, I.  1985.  Single-species spatial dynamics may contribute Н
to long-term rarity and commonness.  Ecology 66: 335-343.

Hanski, I.  1987.  Cross-correlation in population dynamics and Н
the slope of spatial variance-mean regressions.  Oikos 50: 148-Н
151.

Hansson, L.  1989.  Predation in heterogeneous landscapes: how to Н
evaluate total impact?  Oikos 54: 117-119.
| - scale problem - experimental approach may not be best - Н
results of standard predation studies are not generalisable to Н
larger areas - dispersal may cause problems - prey habitat Н
quality may cause problems

Hanzawa, R.M., A.J. Beattie and D.C. Culver.  1988.  Directed Н
dispersal: demographic analysis of an ant-seed mutualism.  Н
American Naturalist 131: 1-13.
| directed dispersal = seed dispersers deposit seeds in specific Н
favourable microsites, fecundity did not differ between directed Н
and nondirected, but survival to reproduction was higher in Н
directed

Harcourt, D.G.  1963.  Biology of cabbage butterflies in Eastern Н
Ontario.  Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 93: Н
61-75.

Harcourt, D.G.  1975.  Cabbageworm.  Factsheet published by the Н
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Order No. 75-018.

Harcourt, D.G., J.C. Guppy and F. Meloche.  1988.  Population Н
dynamics of the alfalfa blotch leafminer Agromyza frontella Н
(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in eastern Ontario, Canada: impact of the Н
exotic parasite Dacnusa dryas (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).  Н
Environmental Entomology 17: 337-343.
| within 3 yrs of establishment the parasite caused a 50-fold Н
reduction in host.  Success attributed to high dispersal Н
capability, high degree of host specificity, excellent Н
synchronization with host, rapid acclimation

Harmsen, R. and B. Sibbald.  1984.  Testing model feasibility and Н
sufficiency through laboratory simulation:  a case study.  Н
Ecological Modelling 21: 161-174.

Harris, G.P.  1980.  Temporal and spatial scales in phytoplankton Н
ecology.  Mechanisms, methods, models, and management.  Canadian Н
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 877-900.
КHart, R.  1977.  Why are biennials so few?  American Naturalist Н
111: 792-799.

Hassell, M.P. and R.M. May.  1988.  Spatial heterogeneity and the Н
dynamics of parasitoid-host systems.  Annales Zoologica Fennici Н
25: 55-61.

Hastings, A.  1982.  Dynamics of a single species in a spatially Н
varying environment:  the stabilizing role of high dispersal Н
rates.  Journal of Mathematical Biology 16: 49-55.

Hastings, A.  1983.  Can spatial variation alone lead to Н
selection for dispersal?  Theoretical Population Biology 24: 244-Н
251.

Hastings, A.  1988.  Food web theory and stability.  Ecology 69: Н
1665-1668.
| - connectance is not a detailed enough measure to discuss Н
stability - at what spatial scale should the question of Н
stability be approached? - "understanding of stability and Н
dynamics must be based on detailed models, which include Н
structure [spatial and population] within species"

Hastings, A.  1988.  Food web theory and stability.  Ecology 69: Н
1665-1668. 

Hemphill, N. and S.D. Cooper.  1983.  The effect of physical Н
disturbance on the relative abundances of two filter-feeding Н
insects in a small stream.  Oecologia 58: 378-382.

Hengeveld, R.  Mechanisms of biological invasions.  Journal of Н
Biogeography 15: 819-828.
| - looking at biogeography - invasions of new areas - comparing Н
theories of limitations by species interactions (competition and Н
resistence to invasion) vs. climatic or non-equilibrium theories Н
- looks at data for collared dove

Herrera, C.M.  1988.  The fruiting ecology of Osyris Н
quadripartita:  individual variation and evolutionary potential.  Н
Ecology 69: 233-249.

Hertlein, M.B. and K. Thorarinsson.  1987.  Variable patch times Н
and the functional response of Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Н
Eucoilidae).  Environmental Entomology 16: 593-598.
| - density-dependent oviposition resulting from a tendency to Н
spend time in patches with higher host densities and to emigrate Н
quickly from patches of low host density

Hicks, C.R.  1982.  Fundamental concepts in the design of Н
experiments.  Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. 

Highsmith, R.C.  1982.  Reproduction by fragmentation in corals.  Н
Marine Ecology Progress Series 7: 207-226.
| - fragmentation (asexual reproduction) for rapid recovery from НКdisturbance

Hobbs, R.J. and V.J. Hobbs.  1987.  Gophers and grassland: a Н
model of vegetation response to patchy soil disturbance.  Н
Vegetatio 69: 141-146.
| - dispersal distance most imp

Hogeweg, P.  1988.  Cellular automata as a paradigm for Н
ecological modelling.  Applied Mathematics and Computation 27: Н
81-100.

Hogeweg, P.  Cellular automata as a paradigm for ecological Н
modeling.  (ms from 1987)

Holm, E.  1988.  Environmental restraints and life strategies:  a Н
habitat templet matrix.  Oecologia 75: 141-145.

Holt, R.D.  1985.  Population dynamics in two-patch environments:  Н
some anomalous consequences of an optimal habitat distribution.  Н
Theoretical Population Biology 28: 181-208.

Hopkins, M.S. and A.W. Graham.  1987.  Gregarious flowering in a Н
lowland tropical rainforest:  a possible response to disturbance Н
by Cyclone Winifred.  Australian Journal of Ecology 12: 25-29.

Hoppes, W.G.  1988.  Seedfall pattern of several species of bird-Н
dispersed plants in an Illinois USA woodland.  Ecology 69: 320-Н
329.
| seedfall declines with distance from seed source, but increases Н
in gaps

Horn, H.S.  1975.  Markovian properties of forest succession.  Н
In:  M.L. Cody and J.M. Diamond (eds.).  Ecology and evolution of Н
communities.  Harvard University Press, Boston.

Horn, H.S.  1983.  Some theories about dispersal.  In:  I.R. Н
Swingland and P.J. Greenwood.  The ecology of animal movement.  Н
Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Horn, H.S. and R.H. MacArther.  1972.  Competition among fugitive Н
species in a harlequin environment.  Ecology 53: 749-752.

Hornbach, D.J., C.M. Way and A.J. Burky.  1980.  Reproductive Н
strategies in the freshwater Sphaeriid clam, Musculium partumeium Н
(Say), from a permanent and temporary pond.  Oecologia 44: 164-Н
170.

Horvitz, C.C. and D.W. Schemske.  1986.  Seed dispersal and Н
environmental heterogeneity in a neotropical herb:  a model of Н
population and patch dynamics.  In:  A. Estrada and T.H. Fleming Н
(eds.).  Frugivores and seed dispersal.  Dr W. Junk Publishers, Н
Dortrecht.

Houde, E.D.  1987.  Fish early life dynamics and recruitment НКvariability.  American Fisheries Symposium 2: 17-29.

Houde, E.D. and J.D. Alpern Lovdal.  1985.  Patterns of Н
variability in Ichthyoplankton occurrence and abundance in Н
Biscayne Bay, Florida.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 20: Н
79-103.

Houston, A.I. and J.M. McNamara.  1986.  The influence of Н
mortality on the behaviour that maximizes reproductive success in Н
a patchy environment.  Oikos 47: 267-274.

Howe, H.F. and J. Smallwood.  1982.  Ecology of seed dispersal.  Н
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: 201-228.

Huffaker, C.B.  1958.  Experimental studies on predation:  Н
dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations.  Hilgardia 27: Н
343-383.

Hull, D.L.  1976.  Are species really individuals?  Systematic Н
Zoology 25: 174-191.

Huston, M.  1979.  A general hypothesis of species diversity.  Н
The American Naturalist 113: 81-101.
| - interaction between disturbance, different growth rates, and Н
competition determines diversity

Huston, M., D. DeAngelis and W. Post.  From individuals to Н
ecosystems:  a new approach to ecological theory.
|ms on individual-based models (1988)

Hutchinson, G.E.  1961.  The paradox of the plankton.  The Н
American Naturalist 45: 137-145.

Iman, R.L. and W.J. Conover.  1980.  Small sample sensitivity Н
analysis techniques for computer models, with application to risk Н
assessment.  Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods A9: Н
1749-1842.
| - description of Latin hypercube design - application to Н
sensitivity analysis

Iman, R.L. and W.J. Conover.  1980.  Small sample sensitivity Н
analysis techniques for computer models, with application to risk Н
assessment.  Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods A9: Н
1749-1842. 

Ives, A.R.  1988.  Aggregation and the coexistence of Н
competitors.  Annales Zoologica Fennici 25: 75-88.

Ives, P.M.  1978.  How discriminating are cabbage butterflies?  Н
Australian Journal of Ecology 3: 261-276.

Iwasa, Y. and D. Cohen.  1989.  Optimal growth schedule of a Н
perennial plant.  American Naturalist 133: 480-505.
| - annual life cycle is optimal under low storage efficiency, НКlow habitat reliability [high disturbance], low growth rate, and Н
short growing season

Joenje, W.  1985.  The significance of waterfowl grazing in the Н
primary vegetation succession on embanked sandflats.  Vegetatio Н
62: 399-406.

Jones, R.E.  1977.  Movement patterns and egg distribution in Н
cabbage butterflies.  Journal of Animal Ecology 46: 195-212.

Jones, R.E. and P.M. Ives.  1979.  The adaptiveness of searching Н
and host selection behaviour in Pieris rapae (L.).  Australian Н
Journal of Ecology 4: 75-86.

Jones, R.E., N. Gilbert, M. Guppy and V. Neals.  1980.  Long-Н
distance movement of Pieris rapae.  Journal of Animal Ecology 49: Н
629-642.

Jordan, C.F.  1981.  Do ecosystems exist?  American Naturalist Н
118: 284-287.

Kareiva, P.  1985.  Finding and losing host plants by Н
Phyllotreta:  patch size and surrounding habitat.  Ecology 66:  Н
1809-1816.

Kareiva, P.  1985.  Patchiness, dispersal, and species Н
interactions:  consequences for communities of herbivorous Н
insects.  In: J. Diamond and T. Case (eds.).  Community ecology.  Н
Harper and Row, New York.

Kareiva, P.  1987.  Habitat fragmentation and the stability of Н
predator-prey interactions.  Nature 326: 388-390.

Kareiva, P. and G.M. Odell.  1986.  Swarms of predators exhibit Н
"preytaxis" if individual predators use area restricted search.  Н
American Naturalist, in press.

Kareiva, P. and M. Andersen.  Spatial aspects of species Н
interactions:  the wedding of models and experiments.  1986 Н
draft.

Kareiva, P.M. and N. Shigesada.  1983.  Analyzing insect movement Н
as a correlated random walk.  Oecologia 56: 234-238.

Karr, J.R. and K.E. Freemark.  1985.  Disturbance and Н
vertebrates:  an integrative perspective.  In:  Pickett, S.T.A. Н
and P.S. White (eds.).  The ecology of natural disturbance and Н
patch dynamics.  Academic Press, New York.

Keddy, P.A.  1982.  Population ecology on an environmental Н
gradient: Cakile edentula on a sand dune.  Oecologia 52: 348-355.
| - at the seaward side, the main influx is from reproduction and Н
loss was from dispersal; at the landward side the main loss was Н
through mortality and the main influx was through immigrationК
Kelley, D.B.  1986.  The genesis of male and female brains.  Н
Trends in Neuroscience 9: 499-502.

Keough, M.J.  1984.  Effects of patch size on the abundance of Н
sessile marine invertebrates.  Ecology 65: 423-437.

Kilpatrick, C.W., S.C. Forrest and T.W. Clark.  1986.  Estimating Н
genetic variation in the black-footed ferret - a first attempt.  Н
Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 145-149.
| - no electrophoretic variation observed in salivary samples

Kirby-Smith, W.W. and J. Ustach.  1986.  Resistance to hurricane Н
disturbance of an epifaunal community on the continental shelf of Н
North Carolina.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 23: 433-Н
442.
| coral reef-type communities are adapted to strong bottom Н
currents, so the passage of hurricanes causes little additional Н
stress

Klijnstra, J.W.  1985.  Interspecific egg load assessment of host Н
plants by Pieris rapae butterflies.  Entomol. Exp. Appl. 38: 227-Н
231.

Klinkhamer, P.G.L. and T.J. de Jong.  1988.  The importance of Н
small-scale disturbance for seedling establishment in Cirsium Н
vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale.  Journal of Ecology 76: 383-Н
392.
| disturbance increased number of seedlings in plots if seeds Н
were sown.  disturbance advanced germination period and Н
accentuated autumn germination in Cirsium vulgare.

Klinkhamer, P.G.L., T.J. de Jong and E. van der Meijden.  1988.  Н
Production dispersal and predation of seeds in the biennial Н
Cirsium vulgare.  Journal of Ecology 76: 403-414.

Klinkhamer, P.G.L., T.J. deJong, J.A.J. Metz and J. Val.  1987.  Н
Life history tactics of annual organisms:  the joint effects of Н
dispersal and delayed germination.  Theoretical population Н
biology 32:  127-156.

Knight, R.L. and D.P. Swaney.  1981.  In defense of cybernetics.  Н
American Naturalist 117: 991-992.

Koenig, W.D.  1988.  On determination of viable population size Н
in birds and mammals.  Wildlife Society Bulletin 16: 230-234.
| nonrandom progeny production, lack of consideration of Н
dispersal pattern and geographic distribution, fluctuations due Н
to environmental changes will all cause an underestimate of Н
minimum viable population

Kolasa, J.  Ecological systems in hierarchical perspective: Н
breaks in community structure and other consequences.  Ecology Н
70: 36-47.К
Kot, M., W.M. Schaffer, G.L. Truty, D.J. Graser and L.F. Olsen.  Н
1988.  Changing criteria for imposing order.  Ecological Н
Modelling 43: 75-110.
| - review of chaos - table for evidence of chaos in ecology and Н
epidemiology

Kot, M., W.M. Schaffer, G.L. Truty, D.J. Graser and L.F. Olsen.  Н
1988.  Changing criteria for imposing order.  Ecological Н
Modelling 43: 75-110. 

Krohne, D.T., B.A. Dubbs and R. Baccus.  1984.  An analysis of Н
dispersal in an unmanipulated population of Peromyscus leucopus.  Н
American Midland Naturalist 112: 146-156.

Kuhn, T.S.  The essential tension:  tradition and innovation in Н
scientific research.  Chapter 28 in

Kuno, E.  1981.  Dispersal and the persistence of populations in Н
unstable habitats:  a theoretical note.  Oecologia 49:  123-126.

Lambou, P.S. Amy, D. Schmedding, V. Prince and S. Hern.  1988.  Н
Aerial dispersal and epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas syringae Н
during a pretest for the release of genetically engineered Н
strains into the environment.  Applied Environmental Microbiology Н
54: 1557-1563.
| exponential decrease in numbers of viable cells deposited at Н
increasing distances from three sprayed plots.  Survival rate of Н
cells sprayed directly on plants more than 10 times higher than Н
that of cells dispersed through the air to similar adjacent plants

Lande, R.  1987.  Extinction thresholds in demographic models of Н
territorial populations.  American Naturalist 130: 624-635.
| extension of Levins' model.  randomly distributed patches the Н
size of single territories.  diffusion equation for juvenile Н
dispersal.  model predicts equilibrium occupancy of suitable Н
habitat as a function of proportion of region composed of Н
suitable habitat and life history and dispersal characteristics Н
of individuals.  no explicit spatial structure.

Lande, R.  1988.  Demographic models of the northern spotted owl Н
Strix occidentalis caurina.  Oecologia 75: 601-607.
| Adult annual survival has the largest influence on lambda, Н
followed by the probability that juveniles survive dispersal, and Н
the adult annual fecundity.  Temporal fluctuations in demographic Н
parameters have little impact on the long-run growth rate because Н
of long adult life expectancy.  Model of dispersal and territory Н
occupancy - predict effects of future habitat loss and Н
fragmentation - estimated minimum habitat requirement greater Н
than that allowed by USDA.  Not a spatially explicit model.

Law, R.  1979.  Harvest optimization in populations with age Н
distributions.  American Naturalist 114: 250-259.

Lawrence, W.S.  Searching for resources:  an experimental study Н
of milkweed beetle flight paths.  (1988 ms.)

Lawton, J.H.  1982.  Vacant niches and unsaturated communities: a Н
comparison of bracken herbivores at sites on two continents.  Н
Journal of Animal Ecology 51: 573-595.
| - bracken communities of insects appear to be rarely saturated Н
with species and not structured by interspecific competition

Lawton, R.O. and R.E. Putz.  1988.  Natural disturbance and gap-НКphase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical cloud forest.  Н
Ecology 69: 764-777.
| buried seeds give rise to many more tree seedlings than seeds Н
dispersed into recent gaps.  many of the saplings in gaps started Н
life as epiphytic seedlings in the crowns of the trees that fell

Leduc, A., Y. Bergeron, P. Legendre and P. Drapeau.  The use of Н
spatial autocorrelation and partial Mantel's test in analyzing Н
the tree distribution of secondary growth forest of southern Н
Quebec.  abstract from 1988 landscape meeting.

Lee, J.A. and R. Ignaciuk.  1985.  The physiological ecology of Н
strandline plants.  Vegetatio 62: 319-326.

Lefkovitch, L.P.  1965.  The study of population growth in Н
organisms grouped by stages.  Biometrics ?: 1-18.

Lefkovitch, L.P.  1976.  Hierarchical clustering from principal Н
coordinates:  an efficient method for small to very large numbers Н
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Springer.

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Legendre, P.  1986.  Reconstructing biogeographic history using Н
phylogenetic-tree analysis of community structure.  Systematic Н
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Leigh Jr., E.G.  1981.  The average lifetime of a population in a Н
varying environment.  Journal of Theoretical Biology 90: 213-239.

Levin, D.A.  1988.  Consequences of stochastic elements in plant Н
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| - stochastic elements reduce the homogenizing effect of a given Н
level of migration on plant differentiation

Levin, S.A.  1976.  Population dynamic models in heterogeneous Н
environments.  Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 7: 287-Н
310.

Levin, S.A.  1981.  The role of theoretical ecology in the Н
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Levin, S.A.  Ecological and evolutionary aspects of dispersal.  Н
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Levins, R.  Some demographic and genetic consequences of Н
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Lindow, S.E., G.R. Knudsen, R.J. Seidler, M.V. Walter, V.W. Н
Lambou, P.S. Amy, D. Schmedding, V. Prince and S. Hern.  1988.  Н
Aerial dispersal and epiphytic survival of Pseudomonas syringae Н
during a pretest for the release of genetically engineered Н
strains into the environment.  Applied Environmental Microbiology Н
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Lodge, D.M. and P. Kelly.  1985.  Habitat disturbance and the Н
stability of freshwater gastropod populations.  Oecologia 68: Н
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Loehle, C.  1983.  Evaluation of theories and calculation tools Н
in ecology.  Ecological Modelling 19: 239-247.

Loehle, C. and J.H.K. Pechmann.  1988.  Evolution: the missing Н
ingredient in systems ecology.  American Naturalist 132: 884-899.
| - evolutionarily biased strategy space and trade-offs between Н
contraints on parameter values

Lomnicki, A.  1980.  Regulation of population density due to Н
individual differences and patchy environment.  Oikos 35: 185-Н
193.

Ludwig, J.A. and J.M. Cornelius.  1987.  Locating discontinuities Н
along ecological gradients.  Ecology 68: 448-450.

Lundquist, L.  1988.  Reproductive strategies of ectoparasites on Н
small mammals.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 774-781.
| model of ectoparasitic reproductive strategies.  those that Н
move on and off hosts alot are expected to have wide host НКpreferences and long generation times while those that are more Н
sedentary will hav narrow host spectra and short generation times

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Mackay, D.A.  1985.  Prealighting search behaviour and host plant Н
selection by ovipositing Euphydryas editha butterflies.  Ecology Н
66: 142-151.

Malanson, G.P.  1984.  Intensity as a third factor of disturbance Н
regime and its effect on species diversity.  Oikos 43:411-413.

Malmborg, P.K. and M.F. Willson.  1988.  Foraging ecology of Н
avian frugivores and some consequences for seed dispersal in an Н
Illinois USA woodlot.  Condor 90: 173-186.
| as a result of the preference for fruit foraging in gaps, bird-Н
dispersed plants growing in gaps may achieve better seed Н
dispersal than those in forest interior

Mapes, G., G.W. Rothwell and M.T. Haworth.  1989.  Evolution of Н
seed dormancy.  Nature 337: 645-646.

Marino, P.C.  1988.  Coexistence on divided habitats: mosses in Н
the family Splachnaceae.  Annales Zoologica Fennici 25: 89-98.
| intense competition within patches.  regional co-existence due Н
to dispersal, temporal separation of spore production, resource Н
fluctuations

Martin-Bergmann, K.A. and J.H. Gee.  1985.  The central Н
mudminnow, Umbra limi (Kirtland), a habitat specialist and Н
resource generalist.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1753-1764.

May, R.M.  1972.  Will a large complex system be stable?  Nature Н
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May, R.M.  1973.  Stability and complexity in model ecosystems.  Н
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May, R.M.  1974.  Ecosystem patterns in randomly fluctuating Н
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May, R.M.  1989.  Detecting density dependence in imaginary Н
worlds.  Nature 338: 16-17.
| - comparison of recent work by Hassell and Mountford - Н
discussion of conditions under which density-dependence is НКdetectable when chaos is possible - support for post-hoc analysis Н
of simulated data

May, R.M. (ed.).  1976.  Theoretical ecology:  principles and Н
applications.  Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.

May, R.M. and G.F. Oster.  1976.  Bifurcations and dynamic Н
complexity in simple ecological models.  American Naturalist 110: Н
573-599.

May, R.M. and M.P. Hassell.  1988.  Spatial heterogeneity and the Н
dynamics of parasitoid-host systems.  Annales Zoologica Fennici Н
25: 55-61.
| hosts distributed over discrete patches.  density-dependent Н
parasitism can increase stability.  inverse density-dependent Н
parasitism can also increase stability.  even without any Н
relationship to density, if probability of parasitism varies from Н
patch to patch, the system may be stabilised.

Maynard Smith, J.  1978.  Optimization theory in evolution.  Н
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9: 31-56.

McCaffrey, C.  1975.  The major vegetation communities of the Н
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study: ecosystem description.  Report of the Nature Conservancy.

McCanny, S.J. and P.B. Cavers.  1987.  The escape hypothesis: a Н
test involving a temperate, annual grass.  Oikos 49: 67-76.

McCulloch, C.E. and M.L. Cain.  1989.  Analyzing discrete Н
movement data as a correlated random walk.  Ecology 70: 383-388.
- algorithm to calculate variance in squared displacement for a Н
correlated random walk model

McEvoy, P.B.  1984.  Seedling dispersion and the persistence of Н
ragwort Senecio jacobaea (Compositae) in a grassland dominated by Н
perennial species.  Oikos 42: 138-143.
| ragworts produce horizontally flattened rosettes which overtop Н
and kill surrounding vegetation.  rosette leaves die when the Н
plant produces flowering stalks - openings left are colonized by Н
ragwort seedlings.  This is how ragwort persists in the absence Н
of environmental disturbance.

McGuinness, K.A.  1984.  Species-area relations of communities on Н
intertidal boulders: testing the null hypothesis.  Journal of Н
Biogeography 11: 439-456.

McGuinness, K.A.  1987.  Disturbance and organisms on boulders:  Н
Patterns in the environment and the community.  Oecologia 71: Н
409-419.

McIntyre, S., P.Y. Ladiges and G. Adams.  1988.  Plant species-Н
richness and invasion by exotics in relation to disturbance of Н
wetland communities in the Riverine Plain, NSW.  Australian Н
Journal of Ecology 13: 361-373.
| - 3 levels of human-induced disturbance - some support for Н
intermediate disturbance hypothesis - suggests that plant НКassemblages adapted to habitats that are subject to high levels Н
of endogenous (not human-induced) disturbance may be less prone Н
to invasion

McKee, P.M. and G.L. Mackie.  1981.  Life history adaptations of Н
the fingernail clams Sphaerium occidenale and Musculium securis Н
to ephemeral habitats.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 59: 2219-Н
2229.
| - both species use a mixed r-K strategy

McNaughton, S.J. and M.B. Coughenour.  1981.  The cybernetic Н
nature of ecosystems.  American Naturalist 117: 985-990.

Merriam, G., J. Wegner and D. Caldwell.  1983.  Invertebrate Н
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94.

Metz, J.A.J., T.J. deJong and P.G.L. Klinkhamer.  1983.  What are Н
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extended.  Oecologia 57: 166-169.

Middleton, J.  Measures of ecosystem disturbance and stress in Н
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Middleton, J. and G. Merriam.  1981.  Woodland mice in a farmland Н
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Miller, R.I. and R.G. Wiegert.  1989.  Documenting completeness, Н
species-area relations, and the species-abundance distribution of Н
a regional flora.  Ecology 70: 16-22.
| - a method is presented for obtaining a reliable estimate of Н
the total number of species in a taxonomic group in a region

Miller, T.E.  1982.  Community diversity and interactions between Н
the size and frequency of disturbance.  The American Naturalist Н
120: 533-536.

Milne, B.T.  1988.  Measuring the fractal geometry of landscapes.  Н
Applied Mathematics and Computation 27: 67-69.

Milne, B.T. and R.T.T. Forman.  1986.  Peninsulas in Maine: woody Н
plant diversity, distance, and environmental patterns.  Ecology Н
67: 967-974.

Moody, M.E. and R.N. Mack.  1988.  Controlling the spread of Н
plant invasions: the importance of nascent foci.  Journal of Н
Applied Ecology 25: 1009-1021.
| - related to island biogeography - simulation - more effective Н
to control satellite populations than main population for Н
producing effective control of spread

Mooney, H.A. and M. Godron (eds.).  1983.  Disturbance and Н
ecosystems.  Springer-Verlag, New York.
КMorris, D.W.  1987.  Ecological scale and habitat use.  Ecology Н
68: 362-369.

Morrison, G.  1986.  Stochastic aggregative responses and spatial Н
patterns of parasitism in patchy host-parasitoid interactions.  Н
Oecologia (ms in press).

Morrison, G. and P. Barbosa.  1987.  Spatial heterogeneity, Н
population "regulation" and local extinction in simulated host-Н
parasitoid interactions.  Oecologia 73: 609-614.

Morton, A.C.  1984.  The effects of marking and handling on Н
recapture frequencies of butterflies.  In:...(ed)  The biology of Н
butterflies.  Academic Press, London.

Murdoch, W.M., J. Chesson and P.L. Chesson.  1985.  Biological Н
control in theory and in practice.  American Naturalist 125: 344-Н
366.

Myers, J.H.  1976.  Distribution and dispersal in populations Н
capable of resource depletion.  Oecologia 23: 255-269.

Myers, J.H.  1985.  Effect of physiological condition of the host Н
plant on the ovipositional choice of the cabbage white butterfly, Н
Pieris rapae.  Journal of Animal Ecology 54: 193-204.

Myers, J.H., J. Monro and N. Murray.  1981.  Egg clumping, host Н
plant selection and population regulation in Cactoblastis Н
cactorum (Lepidoptera).  Oecologia 51: 7-13.

Nachman, G.  1987.  Systems analysis of Acarine predator-prey Н
interactions. I. A stochastic simulation model of spatial Н
processes.  Journal of Animal Ecology 56: 247-265.

Nachman, G.  1987.  Systems analysis of Acarine predator-prey Н
interactions. II. The role of spatial processes in system Н
stability.  Journal of Animal Ecology 56: 267-281.

Nealis, V.G.  1985.  Responses to host kairomones and foraging Н
behaviour of the insect parasite Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Н
Braconidae).  Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 2393-2398.

Newton, P.J.  1988.  Inversely density-dependent egg parasitism Н
in patchy distributions of the citrus pest Cryptophlebia Н
leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its agricultural Н
efficiency.  Journal of Applied Ecology 25: 145-162.
| parasitism was observed in large patches of eggs more often Н
than in small ones, but percentage parasitism within a patch was Н
inversely related to its size.  consequently the overall risk of Н
parasitism was the same for different patch sizes

Niemela, J, Y. Haila, E. Halme, T. Lahti, T. Pajunen and P. Н
Punttila.  The distribution of carabid beetles in fragments of Н
old coniferous taiga and adjacent managed forest.  Annales НКZoologica Fennici 25: 107-119.
| - support the maximization of habitat heterogeneity on the Н
regional scale as an appropriate conservation strategy

Niemela, J.  1988.  Habitat occupancy of carabid beetles on small Н
islands and the adjacent Aland mainland, SW Finland.  Annales Н
Zoologica Fennici 25: 121-131.

Niemela, J., Y. Haila and E. Halme.  1988.  Carabid beetles on Н
isolated Baltic islands and on the adjacent Aland mainland: Н
variation in colonization success.  Annales Zoologica Fennici 25: Н
133-143.

Nur, N.  1988.  The consequences of brood size for breeding blue Н
tits III. Measuring the cost of reproduction, survival, future Н
fecundity and differential dispersal.  Evolution 42: 351-362.
| females given broods of 3 were more likely to move more than Н
300 m than were those given broods of 6-15 young

O'Connor, I. and L.W. Aarssen.  1987.  Species association Н
patterns in abandoned sand quarries.  Vegetatio 73: 101-109.

O'Neill, R.V., J.R. Krummel, R.H. Gardner, G. Sugihara, B. Н
Jackson, D.L. DeAngelis, B.T. Milne, M.G. Turner, B. Zygmunt, Н
S.W. Christensen, V.H. Dale and R.L. Graham.  1988.  Indicies of Н
landscape pattern.  Landscape Ecology 1: 153-162.
| - dominance, contagion, fractal geometry

Odum, E.P.  1977.  The emergence of ecology as a new integrative Н
discipline.  Science 195: 1289-1293.

Ohrbach, R.  1986.  Dynamics of fractal networks.  Science 231: Н
814-819.

Okubo, A. and S.A. Levin.  1989.  A theoretical framework for Н
data analysis of wind dispersal of seeds and pollen.  Ecology 70: Н
329-338.
| - to understand factors that control the forms of dispersal Н
curves - two most widely used curves are inverse power law and Н
negative exponential

Onstad, D.W.  1988.  Population-dynamics theory: the roles of Н
analyitical, simulation, and supercomputer models.  Ecological Н
Modelling 43: 111-124.
| - true generality in a model is impossible without realism [but Н
doesn't deal with the negative relationship between generality Н
and realism - i.e., different definition of realism] - creation Н
of valid, complex numerical models for a few specific cases is Н
advocated as a valuable step in the development of ecological Н
theory - there are two options to development of theory (i) Н
develop abstract models and use field data to delimit Н
applicability, (ii) develop valid specific models and then Н
attempt to generalize - he believes both approaches are likely to Н
converge at the same level of realism and complexity [do I?] - НКbelieves that quantitative, not qualitative predictions are Н
appropriate for testing models - "from the beginning a theorist Н
must identify the boundaries for the set of cases for which his Н
or her model will be valid" - supercomputer model of insects on Н
plants - "parsimony will be important only when we have exhausted Н
all pertinent knowledge" [?]

Onstad, D.W.  1988.  Population-dynamics theory: the roles of Н
analyitical, simulation, and supercomputer models.  Ecological Н
Modelling 43: 111-124. 

Opler, P.A.  1987.  Oaks as evolutionary islands for leaf-mining Н
insects.  American Scientist 62: 67-73.

Paine, R.T.  1979.  Disaster, catastrophe, and local persistence Н
of the Sea Palm, Postelsia palmaeformis.  Science 205: 685-687.

Paine, R.T.  1988.  Habitat suitability and local population Н
persistence of the sea palm Postelsia palmaeformis.  Ecology 69: Н
1787-1794.
| - probability of local extinction is a function of population Н
size

Paine, R.T. and S.A. Levin.  1981.  Intertidal landscapes: Н
disturbance and the dynamics of pattern.  Ecological Monographs Н
51: 145-178.

Palmer, A.R. and R.R. Strathman.  1981.  Scale of dispersal in Н
varying environments and its implications for life histories of Н
marine invertebrates.  Oecologia 48: 308-318.

Paloheimo, J.E.  1974.  Calculation of instantaneous birth rate.  Н
Limnology and Oceanography 19: 692-694.

Paloheimo, J.E.  Measurement of biological production.  (ms. from Н
1987)

Pamilo, P.  1988.  Genetic variation in heterogeneous Н
environments.  Annales Zoologica Fennici 25: 99-106.
| genetic variation depends on the pattern of environmental Н
variation and on the genetic correlation of the character states Н
expressed in different habitats

Papaj, D.R. and M.D. Rausher.  1987.  Components of conspecific Н
host discrimination behavior in the butterfly Battus philenor.  Н
Ecology 68: 245-253.

Partridge, D, P.D. Lopez and V.S. Johnston.  1984.  Computer Н
programs as theories in biology.  Journal of Theoretical Biology Н
108: 539-564.

Patten, B.C. and E.P. Odum.  1981.  The cybernetic nature of Н
ecosystems.  American Naturalist 118: 886-895.
КPerry, J.N.  1988.  Some models for spatial variability of animal Н
species.  Oikos 51: 124-130.

Peters,  A philosophical introduction.  Chapter 1 in Peters' book Н
on body size.

Peters, R.H.  1976.  Tautology in evolution and ecology.  The Н
American Naturalist 110: 1-12.

Peters, R.H.  1980.  From natural history to ecology.  Н
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 23: 191-203.

Philippi, T.E., M.P. Carpenter, T.J. Case and M.E. Gilpin.  1987.  Н
Drosophila population dynamics: chaos and extinction.  Ecology Н
68: 154-159.

Pickett, S.T.A. and P.S. White (eds.).  1985.  The ecology of Н
natural disturbance and patch dynamics.  Academic Press, New Н
York.

Pielou, E.C.  1981.  The usefulness of ecological models: a Н
stock-taking.  The Quarterly Review of Biology 56: 17-31.

Pimentel, D.  1988.  Herbivore population feeding pressure on Н
plant hosts:  feedback evolution and host conservation.  Oikos Н
53: 289-302.
| - suggests that early host-herbivore evolution competition and Н
patchiness are dominant controls, while later feedback evolution Н
and natural enemies are more important

Platt, W.J.  1975.  The colonization and formation of equilibrium Н
plant species associations on badger disturbances in a tall-grass Н
prairie.  Ecological Monographs 45: 285-305.
| model of colonization of disturbances - species with Н
intermediate life history characteristics (propagule production Н
and dispersal capacity) and located at intermediate distances Н
from the colonization site were predicted to have the highest Н
immigration rates.  three types of species with decreasing Н
dispersal (no. of seeds and dispersal distance): ruderals are Н
located far from disturbances, fugitives are located at Н
intermediate distances from colonization sites and mature prairie Н
species surround new colonization sites

Pollard, E.  1984.  Flucuations in the abundance of butterflies, Н
1976-82.  Ecological Entomology 9: 179-188.

Prasad, S., B.D. Patil and C.R. Hazra.  1983.  An introduction to Н
systems and models.  Ecological Modelling 18: 73-83.

Pringle, C.M., R.J. Naiman, G. Bretschko, J.R. Karr, M.W. Oswood, Н
J.R. Webster, R.L. Welcomme and M.J. Winterbourn.  1988.  Patch Н
dynamics in lotic systems:  the stream as a mosaic.  Journal of Н
the North American Benthic Society 7: 503-524.
| - applies concepts of landscape ecology and patch dynamics to НКlotic systems

Pulliam, H.R.  1988.  Sources, sinks, and population regulation.  Н
American Naturalist 132: 652-661.
| - for animals with active habitat selection, an equilibrium Н
with both source and sink habitats occupied can be ecologically Н
and evolutionarily stable - the particular species assemblage Н
occupying any local site may be as much or more influenced by the Н
type and proximity of other habitats as by the resources and Н
other conditions at the site

Pyke, D.A.  Demographic responses of Bromus tectorum and Н
seedlings of Agropyron spicatum to grazing by small mammals: the Н
influence of grazing frequency and plant age.  Journal of Ecology Н
75: 825-835.

Rahel, F.J., J.D. Lyons and P.A. Cochran.  1984.  Stochastic or Н
deterministic regulation of assemblage structure? It may depend Н
on how the assemblage is defined.  American Naturalist 124: 583-Н
589.

Rastetter, E.B.  A spatially explicit model of vegetation-habitat Н
interactions on barrier beaches.  ms. 1989 for M. Turner and R. Н
Gardner's landscape ecology book.
| - good defn of landscape in discussion

Read, J. and R.S. Hill.  1988.  The dynamics of some rainforest Н
associations in Tasmania Australia.  Journal of Ecology 76: 558-Н
584.
| autogenic replacement of canopy species by those with greater Н
shade-tolerance is infrequent because of the slow rate of Н
replacement relative to the frequency of catastrophic disturbance

Reddingius, J.  1971.  Gambling for existence.  E.J. Brill, Н
London.

Reddingius, J. and P.J. den Boer.  1970.  Simulation experiments Н
illustrating stabilization of animal numbers by spreading of Н
risk.  Oecologia 5: 240-284.

Reeve, J.D.  1987.  Foraging behavior of Aphytis melinus: effects Н
of patch density and host size.  Ecology 68: 530-538.

Reeve, J.D.  1988.  Environmental variability, migration, and Н
persistence in host-parasitoid systems.  American Na

Regier, H.A.  1980.  The culture of ecology.  Intecol Bulletin Н
1980: 7/8.

Reice, S.R.  1984.  Stochastic processes as determinants of lotic Н
macro-community structure.  Abstract # 139 of papers presented at Н
the annual meeting of the North American Benthological Society.

Reice, S.R.  1985.  Experimental disturbance and the maintenance Н
of species diversity in a stream community.  Oecologia 67: 90-97.
| - intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not apply to stream Н
communities.

Rejmanek, M., J.D. Smith and R.A. Goyer.  1987.  Population Н
dynamics of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) in Н
water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) forest: a simulation model.  Н
Ecological Modelling 39: 287-305.
| - model of tent caterpillar - density-dependent pupal mortality Н
due to parasitism - strong density-dependent mortality results in Н
damped oscillations and eventual equilibrium, weak density-Н
dependent mortality results in chaotic or pseudoperiodic Н
behaviour

Rejmanek, M., J.D. Smith and R.A. Goyer.  1987.  Population Н
dynamics of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) in Н
water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) forest: a simulation model.  Н
Ecological Modelling 39: 287-305. К
Rennau, H-J.  Towards ecological models reconiling generality and Н
realism.  1988 ms.

Resh, V.H., A.V. Brown, A.P. Covich, M.E. Gurtz, H.W. Li, G.W. Н
Minshall, S.R. Reice, W.L. Sheldon, J.B. Wallace and R.C. Н
Wissmar.  1988.  The role of disturbance in stream ecology.  НКJournal of the North American Benthological Society 7: 433-455.
| - defn of disturbance - dynamic equilibrium hypothesis is Н
generally applicable - intermediate disturbance hypothesis and Н
equilibrium model are applicable in some cases - review paper

Rice, K. and S. Jain.  1985.  Plant population genetics and Н
evolution in disturbed environments.  In:  Pickett, S.T.A. and Н
P.S. White (eds.).  The ecology of natural disturbance and patch Н
dynamics.  Academic Press, New York.

Rice, T.E., A.W. Niedoroda and A.P. Pratt.  1975.  The coastal Н
processes and geology of the Virginia Barrier Islands.   pp. 107-Н
382 in Virginia Coast Reserve study: ecosystem description.  Н
Report of the Nature Conservancy.

Richards, W.O.  1940.  The biology of the small white butterfly Н
(Pieris rapae), with special reference to the factors controlling Н
its abundance.

Rigler, R.H.  1982.  Recognition of the possible: an advantage of Н
empiricism in ecology.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Н
Science 39: 1323-1331.

Risser, P.G., J.R. Karr and R.T.T. Forman.  1984.  Landscape Н
ecology: directions and approaches.  Illinois Natural History Н
Survey Special Publication Number 2.

Robinson, J.V. and C.D. Sandgren.  1983.  The effect of temporal Н
environmental heterogeneity on community structure: a replicated Н
study.  Oecologia 57: 98-102.

Roff, D.A.  1974a.  Spatial heterogeneity and the persistence of Н
populations.  Oecologia 15: 245-258.

Roff, D.A.  1974b.  The analysis of a population model Н
demonstrating the importance of dispersal in a heterogeneous Н
environment.  Oecologia 15: 259-275.

Root, R.B.  1986.  Is risk-spreading so unrealistic?  Oikos 47: Н
114-116.

Root, R.B. and P.M. Kareiva.  1984.  The search for resources by Н
cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae): ecological consequences and Н
adaptive significance of Markovian movements in patchy Н
environments.  Ecology 65: 147-165.

Rosenberg, L.J. and J.I. Magor.  1987.  Predicting windborne Н
displacements of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens from Н
synoptic weather data. I. Long-distance displacements in the Н
north-east monsoon.

Rothschild, B.J.  Biodynamics of the sea: the ecology of high Н
dimensionality systems. In: B.J. Rothschild (ed.).  Toward a Н
theory on biological-physical interactions in the world ocean.  Н
D. Riedel Publishing Co., Dordrecht. (in press in 1988).

Rothschild, B.J.  On the allocation of fisheries stocks.

Rothschild, B.J. and A.J. Mullen.  1985.  The information content Н
of stock-and-recruitment data and its non-parametric НКclassification.  J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer. 42: 116-124.

Rothschild, B.J. and G.T. DiNardo.  1987.  Comparison of Н
recruitment variability and life history data among marine and Н
anadromous fishes.  American Fisheries Society Symposium 1: 531-Н
546.

Rothschild, B.J. and T.R. Osborn.  1988.  Small-scale turbulence Н
and plankton contact rates.  Journal of Plankton Research 10: Н
465-474.

Rothschild, M. and L.M. Schoonhoven.  1977.  Assessment of egg Н
load by Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).  Nature 266: Н
352-355.

Roughgarden, J.  1983.  Competition theory in community ecology.  Н
American Naturalist 122: 583-601.

Roughgarden, J. and Y. Iwasa.  1986.  Dynamics of a Н
metapopulation with space-limited subpopulations.  Theoretical Н
Population Biology 29: 235-261.

Runkle, J.R. and T.C. Yetter.  1987.  Treefalls revisited: gap Н
dynamics in the southern Appalachians.  Ecology 68: 417-424.

Rykiel, E.J. Jr.  1985.  Towards a definition of ecological Н
disturbance.  Australian Journal of Ecology 10: 361-365.
| disturbance: define an ecological system and reference state Н
for that system, then disturbance is a force from outside that Н
system that causes a perturbation in the system

SAS Institute Inc.  1985.  SAS/STAT Guide for personal computers, Н
version 6 edition.  Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 378 pp.

Sale, P.F. and W.A. Douglas.  1984.  Temporal variability in the Н
community structure of fish on coral patch reefs and the relation Н
of community structure to reef structure.  Ecology 65: 409-422.

Saunders, D. and R. Hobbs.  1989.  Corridors for conservation.  Н
New Scientist 28: 63-68.

Saunders, D.A. and J.A. Ingram.  1987.  Factors affecting Н
survival of breeding populations of Carnaby's cockatoo Н
Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris in remnants of native Н
vegetation.  In:  D.A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A.A. Burbidge and Н
A.J.M. Hopkins.  Nature conservation:  the role of remnants of Н
native vegetation.  Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Limited in Н
association with CSIRO and CALM, Midland.
| - became exinct because of food shortage cause by habitat Н
fragmentation - can breed successfully in areas that have been Н
extensively cleared providing there are corridors of native Н
vegetation connecting patches of remnant vegetation

Saunders, D.A., G.W. Arnold, A.A. Burbidge and A.J.M. Hopkins.  Н
1987.  The role of remnants of native vegetation in nature Н
conservation:  future directions.  In:  D.A. Saunders, G.W. Н
Arnold, A.A. Burbidge and A.J.M. Hopkins.  Nature conservation:  Н
the role of remnants of native vegetation.  Surrey Beatty and Н
Sons Pty Limited in association with CSIRO and CALM, Midland.

Sawyer, A.J. and D.L. Haynes.  1985.  Simulating the Н
spatiotemporal dynamics of the cereal leaf beetle in a regional Н
crop system.  Ecological Modelling 30: 83-104.

Schaffer, W.M.  1974.  Selection for optimal life histories: the Н
effects of age structure.  Ecology 55: 291-303.

Schaffer, W.M.  1983.  The application of optimal control theory Н
to the general life history problem.  The American Naturalist Н
121: 418-431.

Schaffer, W.M.  1985.  Order and chaos in ecological systems.  Н
Ecology 66: 93-106.

Schroeder, P.M., B. Hayden and R. Dolan.  1979.  Vegetation Н
changes along the United States east coast following the great Н
storm of March 1962.  Environmental Management 3: 331-338.

Schupp, E.W.  1988.  Seed and early seedling predation in the Н
forest understory and in treefall gaps.  Oikos 51: 71-78.
| Dispersal within forest understory advantageous because Н
decreased seed predation away from parent trees.  Higher Н
predation in gaps than in understory - trade-off with advantages Н
of gaps due to light avail.

Sealy, S.G.  1980.  Reproductive responses of northern orioles to Н
a changing food supply.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 58: 221-227.К
Sebens, K.P.  1987.  Competition for space: effects of Н
disturbance and indeterminate competitive success.  Theoretical Н
Population Biology 32: 430-441.

Seno, H.  1988.  Effect of a singular patch on population Н
persistence in a multi-patch system.  Ecological Modelling 43: Н
271-286.
| - one dimension - dispersal to adjacent patches - density-Н
independent population growth and dispersal - the more centrally Н
located the singular patch is, the greater its effect - there may Н
exist a critical number of patches - some new refs

Seno, H.  1988.  Some mathematical remarks on population Н
persistence in a multi-patch system.  Pp. 391-398 in:  R. Trappl Н
(ed.).  Cybernetics and systems '88.  Kluwer Academic Publishers.К
Shoemaker, C.  1973.  Optimization of agricultural pest Н
management II: Formulation of a control model.  Mathematical Н
Biosciences 17: 357-365.

Shorrocks, B. and J. Rosewell.  1988.  Aggregation does prevent Н
competitive exclusion: a response to Green.

Shugart, H.H.  1984.  A theory of forest dynamics.  Springer-Н
Verlag, New York.

Shugart, H.H., G.B. Bonan and E.B. Rastetter.  1988.  Niche Н
theory and community organization.  Canadian Journal of Botany Н
66: 2634-2639.

Simberloff, D.  1980.  A succession of paradigms in ecology: Н
essentialism to materialism and pobabilism.  Synthese 43: 3-39.

Simberloff, D.  1980.  Reply.  Synthese 43: 79-93.

Simberloff, D., P. Berthet, V. Boy, S.H. Cousins, M.-J. Fortin, Н
R. Goldburg, L.P. Lefkovitch, B. Ripley, B. Scherrer and D. Н
Tonkyn.  Novel statistical analyses in terrestrial animal Н
ecology:  VI.  Dirty data and clean questions.  1986 ms.

Sklar, F.H., R. Costanza and J.W. Day, Jr.  1985.  Dynamic Н
spatial simulation modeling of coastal wetland habitat Н
succession.  Ecological Modelling 29: 261-281.

Sklar, F.H., R. Costanza and J.W. Day, Jr.  1985.  Dynamic Н
spatial simulation modeling of coastal wetland habitat Н
succession.  Ecological Modelling 29: 261-281. 

Slatkin, M. and R. Lande.  1976.  Niche width in a fluctuating Н
environment - density independent model.  American Naturalist Н
110: 31-55.

Slatkin, M. and R. Lande.  1976.  Niche width in a fluctuating Н
environment - density independent model.  The American Naturalist Н
110: 31-55.

Smith, C.R.  1986.  Nekton falls, low-intesity disturbance and Н
community structure of infaunal benthos in the deep sea.  Journal Н
of Marine Research 44: 567-600.

Smith, T.M. and D.L. Urban.  1988.  Scale and resolution of Н
forest structural pattern.  Vegetatio 74: 143-150.

Sokal, R.R. and D.E. Wartenberg.  1983.  A test of spatial Н
autocorrelation analysis using an isolation-by-distance model.

Solbreck, C. and B. Sillen-Tullberg.  1986.  Seed production and Н
seed predation in a patchy and time-varying environment. Dynamics Н
of a milkweed - tephritid fly system.  Oecologia 71: 51-58.

Solbrig, O.T. and B.B. Simpson.  1974.  Components of regulation Н
of a population of dandelions in Michigan.  Journal of Ecology Н
62: 473-486.
| - confirms r-K notion for disturbances

Somers, G.L. and R.G. Oderwald.  1988.  Estimating and Н
constructing confidence intervals for spatial patterns between Н
random and regular.  Ecological Modelling 44: 57-72.
| - new spatial pattern index - spans continuum from random to Н
regular - based on nearest neighbour distance distributions

Soule, M.E.  1987.  Viable populations for conservation.
| book that Jana Verboom recommended

Sousa, W.P.  1984.  The role of disturbance in natural Н
communities.  Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 353-Н
391.К
Sousa, W.P.  1985.  Disturbance and patch dynamics on rocky Н
intertidal shores.  In:  Pickett, S.T.A. and P.S. White (eds.).  Н
The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics.  Academic Н
Press, New York.

Southwood, T.R.E.  1987.  Habitat and insect biology.  Bullentin Н
of the Entomological Society of America 33: 211-214.

Stamps, J.A., M. Buechner and V.V. Krishnan.  1987.  The effects Н
of edge permeability and habitat geometry on emigration from Н
patches of habitat.  American Naturalist 129: 533-552.

Stanton, M.L.  1984.  Short-term learning and the searching Н
accuracy of egg-laying butterflies.  Animal Behaviour 32: 33-40.

Stanton, M.L. and R.E. Cook.  1984.  Sources of intraspecific Н
variation in the hostplant seeking behaviour of Colias Н
butterflies.  Oecologia 61: 265-270.

Stauffer, D.  1985.  Introduction of percolation theory.  Taylor Н
and Francis, London.

Stearns, S.C.  1976.  Life-history tactics: a review of the Н
ideas.  The Quarterly Review of Biology 51: 3-47.

Stedinger, J.R. and C.A. Shoemaker.  1985.  A stochastic model of Н
insect phenology for a population with spatially variable Н
development rates.  Biometrics 41: 691-701.

Stenseth, N.C. and L. Hansson.  1981.  The importance of Н
population dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes: management of Н
vertebrate pests and some other animals.  Agro-Ecosystems 7: 187-Н
211.

Stenseth, N.C., S. Bondrup-Nielsen and R.A. Ims.  1988.  A Н
population dynamics model for Clethrionomys sexual maturation, Н
spacing behaviour and dispersal.  Oikos 52: 186-193.
| 2-patch model.  density-dependent reproduction, survival, Н
dispersal.  model does not produce cycles

Stinner, R.E., C.S. Barfield, J.L. Stimac and L. Dohse.  1983.  Н
Dispersal and movement of insect pests.  Annual Review of Н
Entomology 28: 319-335.

Strayer, D., S.P. Hamburg, S.C. Nodvin and D.H. Pletscher.  1986.  Н
The effects of forest disturbance on land gastropod communities Н
in northern New England.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 2094-Н
2098.

Strong, D.R. Jr., L.A. Szyska and D.S. Simberloff.  1979.  Tests Н
of community-wide character displacement against null hypotheses.  Н
Evolution 33: 897-913.

Sullivan, P.J.  1988.  Effect of boundary conditions, region Н
length, and diffusion rates on a spatially heterogeneous Н
predator-prey system.  Ecological Modelling 43: 235-249.К| - while temporally averaged spatial means in abundance are Н
robust to changes in diffusion rates, interval length and Н
boundary conditions, temporal variances in spatial means were not Н
- results show impact of spatial structure on dynamics of even Н
simple systems.

Symonides, E.  1988.  On the ecology and evolution of annual Н
plants in disturbed environments.  Vegetatio 77: 21-31.
| - trashes alot of preconeived ideas about plants in disturbed Н
habitats - annuals best adapted to disturbed areas are Н
amphicarpic (produce seeds underground), self-pollinating, with Н
seed polymorphisms

Tansley, A.G.  1935.  The use and abuse of vegetational concepts Н
and terms.  Ecology 16:284-307.

Taylor, A.D.  1988.  Host effects on functional and ovipositional Н
responses of Bracon hebetor.  Journal of Animal Ecology 57: 173-Н
184.

Taylor, A.D.  1988.  Host effects on larval competition in the Н
gregarious parasitoid Bracon hebetor.  Journal of Animal Ecology Н
57: 163-172.

Taylor, A.D.  1988.  Large-scale spatial structure and population Н
dynamics in arthropod predator-prey systems.  Annales Zoologica Н
Fennici 25: 63-74.
| review of patchy predator-prey models with dispersal.  when Н
within-cell dynamics are unstable persistence requires asynchrony Н
among cells, within-cell density-dependence, large enough number Н
of cells, dispersal rates high enough to offset extinctions but Н
not high enough to synchronize the system.

Taylor, L.R.  1984.  Assessing and interpreting the spatial Н
distributions of insect populations.  Annual Review of Entomology Н
29: 321-357.

Taylor, L.R. and R.A.J. Taylor.  1977.  Aggregation, migration Н
and population mechanics.  Nature 265: 415-421.

Taylor, L.R. and R.A.J. Taylor.  1983.  Insect migration as a Н
paradigm for survival by movement.  In: I.R. Swingland and P.J. Н
Greenwood (eds.).  The ecology of animal movement.  Clarendon Н
Press, Oxford.

Taylor, L.R., I.P. Woiwood and J.N. Perry.  1979.  The negative Н
binomial as a dynamic ecological model for aggregation, and the Н
density dependence of k.  Journal of Animal Ecology 48: 289-304.

Taylor, P.  1989.  Revising models and generating theory.  Oikos Н
54: 121-125.
| - good discussion of different purposes of modelling, Н
philosophical problems with model validation, problems with Н
focussing only on hypothesis testing

Thorarinsson, K.  1986.  Population density and movement: a Н
critique of delta-models.  Oikos 46: 70-81.
| - critique of models by Taylor - "conflicting and inherently Н
unsound"

Tokeshi, M. and C.R. Townsend.  1987.  Random patch formation and НКweak competition: coexistence in an epiphytic Chironomid Н
community.  Journal of Animal Ecology 56: 833-845.

Traynier, R.M.M.  1979.  Long-term changes in the oviposition Н
behaviour of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, induced by Н
contact with plants.  Physiological Entomology 4: 87-96.

Traynier, R.M.M.  1984.  Associative learning in the Н
ovipositional behaviour of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae.  Н
Physiological Entomology 9: 465-472.

Traynier, R.M.M.  1986.  Visual learning in assays of sinigrin Н
solution as an oviposition releaser for the cabbage butterfly, Н
Pieris rapae.  Entomol. Exp. Appl. 40: 25-33.

Tuljapurkar, S.  1984.  Demography in stochastic environments. I. Н
Exact distributions of age structure.  Journal of Mathematical Н
Biology 19: 335-350.

Turchin, P.  1989.  Population consequences of aggregative Н
movement.  Journal of Animal Ecology 58: 75-100.
| - gregarious behaviour of herbivores strongly amplifies effects Н
of patch size on herbivore density - non-correlated random walk Н
model approximated by diffusion - not possible to do correlated Н
random walk with diffusion in > 1 dimension yet

Turelli, M.  1977.  Random environments and stochastic calculus.  Н
Theoretical Population Biology 12: 140-178.

Turelli, M.  1986.  Stochastic community theory:  a partially Н
guided tour.  In:  Hallam, T.G. and S.A. Levin (eds.).  Н
Biomathematics, Vol. 17, Mathematical ecology.  Springer-Verlag, Н
Berlin.

Turin, H. and P.J. den Boer.  1988.  Changes in the distribution Н
of Carabid beetles in the Netherlands since 1880 II. Isolation of Н
habitats and long-term trends in the occurrence of Carabid Н
species with different powers of dispersal (Coleoptera: Н
Carabidae).  Biological Conservation 44: 179-200.

Turner, M.G.  1987.  Spatial simulation of landscape changes in Н
Georgia: a comparison of 3 transition models.  Landscape Ecology Н
1: 29-36.
| - spatial simulation models were developed to predict temporal Н
change

Turner, M.G.  1987.  Spatial simulation of landscape changes in Н
Georgia: a comparison of 3 transition models.  Landscape Ecology Н
1: 29-36. 

Turner, M.G.  1988.  A spatial simulatin model of land use in a Н
Piedmont county in Georgia.  Applied Mathematics and Computation Н
27: 39-51.
КTurner, M.G., R.H. Gardner, V.H. Dale and R.V. O'Neill.  Н
Landscape pattern and the spread of disturbance.  1988 ms.

Twinn, C.R.  1924.  Observations on the host-selection habits of Н
Pieris rapae L.  Entomological Society of Ontario Annual Report Н
No. 55: 75-80.

Twinn, C.R.  1924.  Studies in the life-history, bionomics, and Н
control of the cabbage worm in Ontario.  Entomological Society of Н
Ontario Annual Report No. 55: 82-86.

Ulanowicz, R.E.  1988.  On the importance of higher-level models Н
in ecology.  Ecological Modelling 43: 45-56.
| - lack of prediction capability is the foremost weakness of Н
theoretical modelling in ecology - caused by (i) deterministic Н
chaos, (ii) mechanisms are transitory (living systems evolve) - Н
must confine application of mechanistic models to situations Н
where mechanisms dominate the causal scene: (i) confine to single Н
population or process and have enough data on outside-inside Н
interactions, (ii) predict only into the immediate future, Н
(iii) for systems dominated by physical influences - "we need Н
more experimentation with phenomenological models...the attempts Н
to encapsulate data into neat, consice formulae"

Ulanowicz, R.E.  1988.  On the importance of higher-level models Н
in ecology.  Ecological Modelling 43: 45-56. 

Urban, D.L. and H.H. Shugart Jr.  1986.  Avian demography in Н
mosaic landscapes: modeling paradigm and preliminary results.  Н
In: J. Verner, M.L. Morrison and C.J. Ralph (eds.).  Wildlife Н
2000: Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates.  Н
University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Urban, D.L. and H.H. Shugart.  Forest bird demography in mosaic Н
landscapes: a stocktaking.  (ms. from 1987).

Urban, D.L. and T.M. Smith.  Microhabitat pattern and the Н
structure of forest bird communities.  (ms. from 1987).

Urban, D.L., R.V. O'Neill and H.H. Shugart Jr.  1987.  Landscape Н
ecology: a hierarchical perspective can help scientists Н
understand spatial patterns.  Bioscience 37: 119-127.

Urban, D.L., R.V. O'Neill and H.H. Shugart Jr.  1987.  Landscape Н
ecology: a hierarchical perspective can help scientists Н
understand spatial patterns.  Bioscience 37: 119-127. 

Usher, M.B.  1979.  Markovian approaches to ecological Н
succession.  Journal of Animal Ecology 48: 413-426.

Usher, M.B. and M.H. Williamson.  1970.  A deterministic matrix Н
model for handling the birth, death, and migration processes of Н
spatially distributed populations.  Biometrics ?: 1-12.
КVale, G.A.  1983.  The effect of odours, wind direction and wind Н
speed on the distribution of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) and Н
other insects near stationary targets.  Bulletin of Entomological Н
Research 73: 53-64.

Van der Meijden, E. and R.E. Van der Waals-Kooi.  1979.  The Н
population ecology of Senecio jacobaeaУ in a sand dune system.  Н
Journal of Ecology 67: 131-153.

Van Dorp, D. and P.F.M. Opdam.  Effects of patch size, isolation Н
and regional abundance on forest bird communities.  (ms. from Н
1986).

Van der Meijden, E.  1979.  Herbivore exploitation of a fugitive Н
plant species: local survival and extinction of the cinnabar moth Н
and ragwort in a heterogeneous environment.  Oecologia 42: 307-Н
323.
| ragwort is the host plant of the moth which is attacked by a Н
predator.  frequent local extinctions of the plant and moth.  Н
spatial and temporal heterogeneity and dispersal allows regional Н
survival even though local dynamics are unstable.

Van der Meijden, E. and R.E. Van der Waals-Kooi.  1979.  The Н
population ecology of Senecio jacobaea in a sand dune system.  Н
Journal of Ecology 67: 131-153.

Van der Vaart, H.R.  1983.  A note on life tables and nonlinear Н
death processes.  Acta Biotheoretica 32: 3-11.

Vance, R.R.  1980.  The effect of dispersal on population size in Н
a temporally varying environment.  Theoretical Population Biology Н
18: 343-362.

Vance, R.R.  1984.  The effect of dispersal on population Н
stability in one-species, discrete-space population growth Н
models.  American Naturalist 123: 230-254.

Venable, D.L. and J.S. Brown.  1988.  The selective interactions Н
of dispersal, dormancy, and seed size as adaptations for reducing Н
risk in variable environments.  American Naturalist 131: 360-384.

Venable, D.L. and L. Lawlor.  1980.  Delayed germination and Н
dispersal in desert annuals:  escape in space and time.  Н
Oecologia 46: 272-282.

Walde, S.J.  1986.  Effect of an abiotic disturbance on a lotic Н
predator-prey interaction.  Oecologia 69: 243-247.
| test the proposition that predator affects are likely to be Н
eliminated by environmental harshness - answer depends on the Н
relative affect of disturbance on predator vs. prey

Warwick, J.J. and W.G. Cale.  1988.  Estimating model reliability Н
using data with uncertainty.  Ecological Modelling, in press.

Warwick, J.J., M. ASCE and W.G. Cale.  1986.  Effects of Н
parameter uncertainty in stream modeling.  Journal of Н
Environmental Engineering 112: 479-489.
КWarwick, J.J., M. ASCE and W.G. Cale.  1987.  Determining the Н
likelihood of obtaining a reliable model.  Journal of Н
Environmental Engineering 113: 1102-1119.

Waser, N.M.  1982. A comparison of distances flown by different Н
visitors to flowers of the same species.  Oecologia 55: 251-257.

Watkinson, A.R. and A.J. Davy.  1985.  Population biology of salt Н
marsh and sand dune annuals.  Vegetatio 62: 487-497.

Wegner, J.F. and G. Merriam.  1979.  Movements by birds and small Н
mammals between a wood and adjoining farmland habitats.

Weinberg, J.R. and V.R. Starczak.  1988.  Morphological Н
differences and low dispersal between local populations of the Н
tropical beach isopod Excirolana braziliensis.  Bulletin of Н
Marine Science 42: 296-309.
| absence of a larval dispersal stage may cause some marine Н
species to have greater population subdivision than those with Н
larval dispersal

Weishampel, J.F.  Population sizes and gene flow:  the Н
maintenance of genetic variation in a one-way, two island model.
| - 1989 ms

Westoby, M. and B. Rice.  1981.  A note on combining two methods Н
of dispersal-for-distance.  1981.  Australian Journal of Ecology Н
6: 189-192.

White, P.S.  1979.  Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in Н
vegetation.  The Botanical Review 45: 229-299.

White, P.S. and S.T.A. Pickett.  1985.  Natural disturbance and Н
patch dynamics:  an introduction.  In:  Pickett, S.T.A. and P.S. Н
White (eds.).  The ecology of natural disturbance and patch Н
dynamics.  Academic Press, New York.

Whittaker, R.H. and S.A. Levin.  1977.  The role of mosaic Н
phenomena in natural communities.  Theoretical Population Biology Н
12: 117-139.

Wiklund, C.  1975.  The evolutionary relationship between adult Н
oviposition preferences and larval host plant range in Papilio Н
machaon L.  Oecologia 18: 185-197.

Wiklund, C.  1984.  Egg-laying patterns in butterflies in Н
relation to their phenology and the visual apparency and Н
abundances of their host plants.  Oecologia 63: 23-29.

Wiley, E.O.  1977.  The evolutionary species concept Н
reconsidered.  Systematic Zoology ?: 17-26.К
Woodward, F.I.  1987.  Climate and plant distribution.  Cambridge Н
University Press, Cambridge.
| - I have ch. 4 - "Climate and vegetation"

Woolhouse, M.E.J.  1988.  On the dynamical behaviour of Н
transition matrix population models.  Ecological Modelling 42: Н
61-74.
| single-species in patchy habitat

Woolhouse, M.E.J. and R. Harmsen.  1987.  Prey-predator cycles Н
and lags in space: descriptive models from a laboratory Н
experiment.  Theoretical Population Biology 32: 366-382.

Woolhouse, M.E.J. and R. Harmsen.  On the dynamical behaviour of Н
Markov chain populatin models.  (ms. from 1985, I think I saw the Н
paper in 1987 or 88 - TPB).

Worthen, W.B.  Effects of resource density on mycophagous fly Н
dispersal and community structure.  (reviewed for Oikos 1988).

Yata, O., T. Saigusa, A. Nakanishi, H. Shima, Y. Suzuki and A. Н
Yoshida.  1984.  Seasonal polyphenism in four Japanese Pieris Н
(Artogeia) species.  In: The biology of butterflies.  Academic Н
Press, London.

Young, A.M.  1983.  On the evolution of egg placement and Н
gregariousness of caterpillars in the Lepidoptera.  Acta Н
Biotheoretica 32: 43-60.

Zaremba, R.E. and S.P. Leatherman.  1986.  Vegetative Н
physiographic analysis of a U.S. northern barrier system.  Н
Environmental Geology and Water Science 8: 193-207.

Zheng, S.  1986.  A reaction-diffusion system of a predator-prey-Н
mutualist model.  Mathematical Biosciences 78: 217-245.